Chromatin Influences

Chromosome (A75): DNA is wrapped around proteins like thread around a spool and compacted into structures called chromosomes.

Welcome to the service audit report on Bell State Bank and Trust, a locally originated bank that was formerly known as State Bank and Trust of Fargo. This report covers the business model of Bell State Bank and Trust and focuses exclusively on the service marketing aspect of the business. In the beginning of the report I have provided a general overview of the banking industry. This part is important in understanding and comprehending the level of progress or shortcomings of the subject bank. By realizing how fast the banking sector is progressing, it gives us a reference point to analyze the progress of Bell State Bank. I have also discussed the competitive environment of the bank. In this section I realized that Bell State was one of those financial institutions that is hard to classify as it has smaller roots and is close to its origins, however it has a huge asset of $3 Billion that transcends the limits of small regional banks. The firm’s competitive advantages highlight that the firm prides itself in its community ties. It is these ties that have led to the banks local sourcing of employees, philanthropy, past growth and public image.

Themes are an important part of uncovering the mysteries and secrets of a book. A theme is the author’s way of conveying the idea of the novel. In Animal Farm by George Orwell there are many ideal themes that can be extremely surprising to the reader and gives the reader a completely different perspective of the novel. George Orwell has done an amazing job with having several different themes that leave you thinking. Themes such as tyrants, the role of the masses, and religion have caused the novel to adopt the name of “literary merit”.

The most compelling piece of information that I read from the article "Epigenetics: Its What Turns You On...and Off" (Schardt, 2013) is how children born from the same mother, before gastric bypass surgery and after the surgery, had different patterns of epigenetic marks than their siblings. It would not have crossed my mind that being overweight would actually have an affect on your genes, that could be passed down to your offspring. Researchers have also reported that the gene IGF2 was more turned on in those born to obese fathers, which might increase the risk of becoming overweight in adulthood (Schardt, 2013). So they chances that a child becomes overweight is on both parents and not just one.

I took a semester off in the Spring of 2012 and 2013. In 2012, I helped care for my grandfather, who suffered from lung cancer and passed away that April. During my time off, I volunteered in the pediatric department of the hospital where he was staying. The inoperable nature of his cancer spurred me to shadow Dr Cheng, a radiation oncologist. In 2013, my mother was told that she might have breast cancer. With my father working in China, I took time off to be with her. I decided to transfer schools because Columbia dramatically decreased my financial aid for the upcoming year, while Brandeis offered me a full scholarship. With my mother’s health issues, I did not want to further burden her financially. I shadowed Dr Anderson, a pediatric geneticist at UT Genetic Center and validated a plasma cell enrichment procedure for the diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma.

Chromatin made a pivot from a pure biotechnology company to a mixed model that combines both biotechnology and traditional breeding pipelines. Thinking broadly (not just Chromatin), what challenges and opportunities does making a strategic pivot present for an entrepreneurial company?

Chromosome- Chromosomes are the microscopic structure within cells that carries the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the hereditary material that influences the development and characteristics of each organism. In bacteria and bacteria-like organisms called archaebacteria, chromosomes are simple circles of DNA that float around in the cell. In more complex cells, or Eukaryotes, chromosomes are stored within a well developed and defined nucleus. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are highly complex structures in which the shape of the DNA molecules is linear, rather than circular. Chromosomes consist chiefly of proteins and DNA. Tiny chemical subunits called nucleotide bases form the structure of DNA. A sequence of these bases that are along a DNA strand will create a code for the production of a special protein also known as a gene. Genes occupy precise locations on the chromosome. Each cell contains enough DNA to form a thread extending about 2 m (about 7 ft). Proteins called histones play a key role in packaging DNA within chromosomes. Sections of

The first stage is chromatin modification. Usually, genes within heterochromatin are not expressed since it is so compact and dense. Chemical modifications to histones influence whether the chromatin is condense or not. For example, histone acetylation promotes transcription by opening up the chromatin structure. In contrast, DNA methylation reduces transcription by the addition of methyl groups, leading to condensation. Individual genes as well as long segments of the DNA can be heavily methylated in cells, preventing them from being expressed. Methylation patters can be inherited however, unlike mutations, they can be reversed.

The strands of DNA are wrapped around molecules called histones, which act as reels. The fiber resulting from this first stage of compaction becomes entangled further, and thus in several steps. Duly compacted, the set forms a few separate skeins called chromosomes . When unraveled for the cellular machinery to read, the set that forms DNA, histones and other molecules that give structure is called chromatin

More importantly, epigenetics uncovers specific chemical reactions and their impact on genome and, therefore, cell response on those chemical reactions. The understanding of chemical reactions and genome activation and deactivation are extremely important for the understanding of fundamental principles of the development of living beings and their functioning in the course of their

1 G banding techniques enhances the basic structures of chromosomes. The chromosomes consists of 8 histones proteins molecules , each of which is wrapped around by DNA of 146bp long to form a repeating units called nucleosomes, then successive nucleosomes are arranged to form a structure similar to that of beads of a string which again coil themselves to form chromatin fiber. Chromosome package is form when chromatin fiber are further loop and coiled.

My primary interest lies in understanding the epigenetics behind differentiation of embryonic cells into the complex cell structures such as neurons. For this, I want to learn the techniques to study epigenetic regulation, the molecular biology of the regulatory proteins and their structural uniqueness. What role does chromosome folding has in gene expression in early differentiation from embryonic stem cells? How to identify and modify the key factors in chromatin folding? Why does the folding and regulation become faulty? By answering these questions, I aim to understand as to why the same regulation, which, during embryogenesis gives rise to complex cells fails in a few individuals resulting in tumor and brain, related disorders. Learning

There are two things we need to keep in mind when we talk about cell differentiation. These are specificity and memory. Transcription regulators work specifically. They activate one gene or set of genes and not another. Therefore, for many regulators and genes, any regulator will work on any gene as determined by the locations of its affined cis-regulatory sequence. (Ptashne,

Figure 4. Overview of possible epigenetic modifications. These epigenetic modifications can all influence the accessibility of the chromatin structure to the transcriptional machinery. This image was taken from a previous publication (Gräff et al., 2011).

The story I have chosen is, “The Cask of Amontillado,” written by Edgar Allan Poe. The author’s intended message would be that mistreating someone over and over again can lead them to unspeakable acts. In other words, the story leads someone to learn that following the “Golden Rule”, which is the idea that you should treat other’s the way you would want to be treated, is extremely important. Following this ideology means that one should treat others kindly and with respect. This story teaches a lesson but also entertains its readers. The discussion of death and the description of the settings throughout the story falls right into place with the time period Poe lived in. This story was written during the Gothic period, meaning that it deals with depressing and dark subject matters. Murder, the crime “The Cask of Amontillado” focuses one, is a depressing and dark subject matter. The theme of revenge is felt throughout the story. For example, the opening line states the main character’s plan to murder the man who has mistreated him. He says, “The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge” (Poe 1126). I chose this piece because I thought it was intriguing and suspenseful. I found the story to be alluring and chilling in a way that drew me in and confirmed something that I strongly believe in which is to treat everyone with respect and kindness. Bullying is something that occurs every single day and is still a