Chronic Inflammation Research Paper

Atherosclerosis is the process in which substances known as plaques, which are made up of cholesterol and platelets, adhere to tears in the walls of arteries. Over time these plaques build up to the point where they occlude blood flow in the arteries. When this happens in the coronary arteries, either directly, as the result of buildup in the arteries themselves, indirectly in the form a clot from another part of the body breaking loose and becoming lodged in the coronary arteries, the usual result is a heart attack.3

While a natural response to pain and injury, inflammation is also related to some debilitating conditions and diseases. The tame end of symptoms include headaches, weight gain, and joint pain. But heart disease, Crohn’s disease, and even some types of cancer are also related to chronic inflammation. And chronic inflammation wasn't something treatable fifty years ago, before the advent of Systemic Enzyme Therapy. Now there is Heal N Soothe.

Chronic inflammation has been shown through research to be associated with many cardiovascular ailments including high blood pressure and high cholesterol. It may be more effective to treat the inflammation and is causes to reduce a wide range of health problems.

Macrophages main function to eliminate injurious agents and initiate the process of repair, but are also responsible for much of the tissue injury in chronic inflammation. Macrophages eventually either die off or carried away by the lymphatics and lymph nodes. Several functions of macrophages are central to the development and persistence of chronic inflammation, by secreting verity of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines (TNF, IL-1), and activating other cells, notably T lymphocytes. TNF and IL-1 derived from activated macrophages, promote leukocyte recruitment, which drive the inflammatory response into more chronic stage. Lymphocytes are often present in chronic inflammation and when they are activated, the inflammation tends to be persistent and severe. Lymphocytes may be the dominant population in the chronic inflammation seen in autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and myocarditis

One source of great mortality and morbidity in Europe and North America is the cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis. It is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intermediate and large arteries characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall and is the primary cause of coronary and cerebrovascular heart disease (Wilson, 2005). It accounts for 4.35 million deaths in Europe and 35% death in the UK each year. Mortality rate are generally higher in men than pre-menopausal woman. Past the menopause, a woman’s risk is similar to a man’s (George and Johnston, 2010). Clinical trials have confirmed that lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, inflammation matrix alteration and foam cell formation are

Not only in the heart is this plaque found but in other arteries of the body as well. Oral bacteria can also cause blood clots to form as they release dangerous toxins into the

The inflammatory process is a pathological feature that contributes to the stages of atherosclerosis. It is initiated by attracting white blood cells such as monocytes and T lymphocytes to the injury site. The injury site can be caused by risk factors that can contribute to the disease such as; non-modifiable risk factors that include advanced age, men or women post menopause, family history or modifiable risk factors that include hypertension, smoking, diabetes and insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidemia and a sedentary lifestyle (Huether & McCance, 2008, p. 622). The monocytes mature in macrophages and Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) begin oxidisation. Once these LDL’s have been oxidised they penetrate the damaged endothelial lining and gather between the tunica intima and tunica media (two layers of an artery wall), where the macrophages then engulf the LDL’s forming foam cells that accumulate to form lesions called fatty streaks. With damage to the

Inflammation is one of the reasons why people with diabetes are prone to developing heart disease. Different gut flora live in each person's body. One study showed a link between gut bacteria, inflammation and cholesterol levels. Additional studies are being done to explore this link and whether certain gut bacteria can help reduce cholesterol levels and minimize the possibility of developing heart disease.

Immune processes are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Healthy endothelial cells release nitric oxide to stimulate vasodilation, avoid microphage infiltration, and to slow the increase of vascular smooth muscle cells. These mechanisms help protect against

The body sends the macrophages - a type of the white blood cell(WBC) - to clean up this cholesterol, the cells get stuck at affected site. Sometimes, the plaque grows to a certain size and then stops growing, causing individual no problems. However, the plaque clogs up artery, disrupting flow of blood around body. This makes blood clots then more likely which can result in the life-threatening conditions.

Atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries is speed up by high lipid level. Sticky substance called plaque forms in the walls of your arteries as you age. The plaque is made of lipids and other materials circulating in your blood. When the plaque builds up, the arteries can narrow and stiffen. Eventually, enough plaque may build up to reduce blood flow through your arteries. Atherosclerosis increases your risk of heart disease, stroke, and other vascular diseases.

Inflammation is a normal immune reaction in response to tissue injury or invading exogenous molecules/ pathogens and can be either localized or systemic. The aim of acute inflammation is restoring the tissue homeostatic imbalance by promoting tissue repair and eliminating the causative stimuli through a complex but highly regulated cascade of events (Medzhitov 2008). Under physiological conditions, successful acute inflammation is followed by a resolution phase during which pro-inflammatory processes are suppressed and physiological homeostasis is achieved. However, an ongoing inflammatory event or an impaired resolution phase characterized by continuous pro-inflammatory processes results in chronic inflammation (Maskrey et al. 2011; Fullerton

The leading cause of death for people in the United States is heart disease. Heart failure is just one of the many conditions that underlie heart diseases. Being one of the leading causes of death; having the knowledge on how this disease works can help researchers find a cure or new treatments to prevent and/or treat this pathogenesis. Chronic inflammation is a condition that can lead to heart failure. When inflammation is chronic it means that the inflammation is long-term and therefore this condition can lead to other complications, but what causes chronic inflammation? Inflammation is a response to a foreign pathogen in the body, but what if there is no foreign pathogen? An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system starts to attack the healthy

Inflammation is often associated with injury. You stub your toe and the toe swells. This is the basic inflammatory reaction. Some people even understand that redness around a cut is also a form of inflammation that the immune system uses to heal the injury. What is not commonly known is the fact that inflammation occurs inside the body as well. When the body exists in an inflammatory state, risk of illness, cancer and heart conditions can increase. An anti-inflammatory diet is an easy way to combat this aftereffect and reduce risk today.

Inflammation is the body’s natural defensive system, it’s responsible for removing and or destroying any harmful stimuli and once the threat has been removed it initiates the healing process. However, if immune activity is unregulated it can transition to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a persistent and destructive process if prolonged chronic inflammation can promote malignant transformations and even carcinogenesis. In 1863 Rudolf Virchow was the first to suggest an association of chronic inflammation in the development of cancer (Landskron, Fuente, P. Thuwajit, C. Thuwajit, Hermoso, 2014). He hypothesized that cancer progresses from sites of chronic inflammation. Recent advancements over the last couple decades have provided evidence to support chronic inflammations role in tumourigenesis. As a tumour continues to grow and develop, the risk of metastasis increases, resulting in poor prognosis. If