Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide problem that is currently three times higher for African Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, American Indians and seniors (The National Kidney Foundation, 2013). CKD occurs when the kidneys are damaged by a pathogen or injury and they can no longer adequately maintain proper levels of regulated chemicals in the bloodstream. There are many risk associated with CKD. According to the National Kidney Foundation, two of the major risks are Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) and Cardiovascular Disease. Currently twenty million American adults have CKD and millions of others are at increased risk. Age has no barrier on getting CKD. People with pre-existing health issues, and a part of certain population

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it

Using an existing National VA AKI-CKD study cohort extracted from the VA CDW containing electronic medical records, I will identify those in the cohort diagnosed with AKI using KDIGO along with associated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnostic codes for AKI or acute renal failure as inclusion criteria in my study population (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), 2012). I will exclude those who do not fit the set cohort criteria.

Mark is a four year old male who has been diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Mark has two older brothers, John and Max. His mom, Carol, is a teacher at the local elementary school. His dad, Mike, is a community police officer. Mark goes to preschool from 0800-1200 four days a week. They live in a rural community in small four bedroom house with their dog, Bruno. Everyone in the community seems close and supportive. Both Mark’s older brothers caught strep throat at school and then Mark caught it. The strep wasn’t treated for two weeks as his mother thought his symptoms were allergies. Mark was in the clinic with his mom with symptoms of decreased urine output, rusty colored urine, and swelling of the abdomen. The doctor diagnosed him

Kidney failure has spread immensely throughout the United States for the past decade. There are many causes for kidney failure, but the top two in the U.S. are Diabetes and Hypertension. Before this research project, I was not aware of how common Chronic Kidney Disease is amongst us, especially since it ranges from birth to old age. One in 10 adults within the age of 20 or older has been diagnosed with kidney disease in the U.S., (Davita.com). This disease causes a complete lifestyle change and with the right educational tools, diet, compliance, and support from family and friends, the patient should be able to keep living without any complications.

One of the main renal failures is known as chronic kidney disorder (CKD). This disease is non-reversible and has no cure. CKD have this stages that definite the progression of a the kidneys. “CKD stages range from 1 to 5: the higher the number of stages, the greater the progression of the disease. CKD is a progressive condition that develops over an extended period before being detected”. In most cases when the symptoms is noticeable, the patient have already experience a large percentage of the kidney tissue that’s been destroyed. “Doctor uses a measurement called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine how the efficiency

The goals of nutritional therapy are to make sure that CKD does not progress. Patients with CKD have to rearrange their diet to help monitor their disease. People with non-diabetic CKD should avoid consuming excess protein because it leads to proteinuria. Having protein in your urine means that it skipped through the filtration

While researching journal articles related to End Stage Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), an alarming statistic was found. Since 1990, kidney failure cases have more than tripled in the United States and are likely to increase due to the aging population and higher prevalence of conditions such as diabetes and hypertension; both of which are risk factors for CKD (CDC, 2014).

To begin with, there are two primary causes of Chronic Kidney Disease, diabetes and high blood pressure (National Kidney Foundation, 2015). Diabetes, reasons harm to the kidney because of high sugar levels, while the pressure of blood against the vessel wall causes high blood pressure increases (National Kidney Foundation, 2015). In addition to this, some diferent groups of disease additionally influence the kidney, which are: Glomerulonephritis, inherited diseases, malformations, which occur as a baby develops, Lupus, and repeated urinary infections (National Kidney

Chronic kidney disease is linked with the following fluids and electrolyte imbalance; fluid retention, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hypomagnesemia (Kohan & Barton, 2014). Hyperkalemia is the accumulation of potassium ions in the blood which leads to muscle weakness, tiredness, and cramping of the abdomen (Nyhan, 2017). On the other hand,

Chromic Kidney Disease is a disease that affects 80 percent of the United States population. Though it may seem to come suddenly, it can be prevented and treated by monitoring what you put into the body and how the body functions. Also, knowing the different stages of the disease can help you recognize what is happening to the body and how to help it to recover.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as structural or functional kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less that 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for at least 3 months.1 Approximately 1 of 3 adults with diabetes and 1 of 5 adults with high blood pressure has CKD.2 We estimate that more than 10% of adults in the United States (more than 20 million people) may have CKD. Men with CKD are 50% more likely than women to have kidney failure.2 Due to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, individuals with CKD are 16 to 40 times more likely to die than to reach ESRD.2

The Center for Disease Control has ranked CKD as the 9th leading cause of death. According to the National Kidney Foundation, 1:3 adults are at risk for CKD and 26 million have it but do not know it. Normally, people are born with two kidneys but it is possible to live with only one. The kidneys regulate body fluid levels, filter waste and toxins from the blood, release hormones that regulate blood pressure, activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones, release hormone that directs production of red blood cells and keeps blood minerals in balance (NKF). The kidneys filter blood every 30 minutes and the rate of filtration is known as

Water is crucial for life. Most biological processes require water to be present for it to occur. Without water there is no medium for these processes to occur, therefore we must fully understand the consequences of dehydration. Dehydration is a condition that is caused by excessive loss of body water. It has been known that dehydration is associated with acute renal dysfunction, and it has been considered reversible with no long-term effects on the kidney. However, there has been an increasing number of epidemiological studies suggesting that irregular water intake, leading to recurrent events of dehydration, is a risk factor for developing and progressing the conditions of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Due to the high prevalence in both the initial and final stages of CKD, it has become a global health burden. Although there have been many studies linking recurrent dehydration with the development and progression of CKD, only a handful of studies looked into the long-term impacts of chronic water restriction on the progression of CKD and the core mechanisms associated with it. Apart from water regulation, the kidney also affects the cardiovascular system, with many studies associating CKD with cardiovascular diseases (CVS). Therefore, it is important to understand the causes of CKD to prevent the risk of developing CVS in CKD. In this review we will look at how recurrent dehydration causes CKD. Firstly, the role of how the kidney regulates water balance is

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,