Chronic Kidney Disease : Diabetes And High Blood Pressure

Links available on the National Kidney Foundation Website keep the reader on the site and frequently take them back to the donation page. The Website provides a section for “Professional” users, however, the majority of the area is again written for the general public. One area reviewed provides an “Education and Research” option that takes the professional reader to more technical writing sources contained within the National Kidney Foundation Website. The Merck Manual links allow the reade

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide problem that is currently three times higher for African Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, American Indians and seniors (The National Kidney Foundation, 2013). CKD occurs when the kidneys are damaged by a pathogen or injury and they can no longer adequately maintain proper levels of regulated chemicals in the bloodstream. There are many risk associated with CKD. According to the National Kidney Foundation, two of the major risks are Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) and Cardiovascular Disease. Currently twenty million American adults have CKD and millions of others are at increased risk. Age has no barrier on getting CKD. People with pre-existing health issues, and a part of certain population

Uncontrolled diabetes can affect nearly every organ of the body; of which, heart disease and kidney failure are most commonly impacted. Known as diabetes mellitus, a collective term for various blood abnormalities, the term diabetes refers to either a scarcity of insulin in the body or the body’s inability to accept insulin. Though the symptoms of diabetes are manageable, many are unaware as to having it. According to the CDC report “2011 Diabetes Fact Sheet,” approximately 6 million people in the United States have undiagnosed diabetes. Undetected, diabetes can become deadly. In a recent World Health Organization report “Diabetes Action Now: An Initiative of the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation,” it

will cut dialysis costs and save lives, of both patients in need of new kidneys and

Underdiaxonsied and undertreated it is a major concern for the aging population of the United States. One of the first steps is educating the public on early detection techniques and risk factor for developing CKD. High blood pressure and diabetes is a major contributor in developing the disease and thus high risk factor groups should be identified early. This way the individuals can begin implementing lifestyle changes that can not only decrease the rate of kidney function decline but improve it as well. Management of the disease focus on the major complications. Anemia, dyslipidemia, CKD-MBD, nutrition and cardiovascular are the forefront of the disease management. Management with not only medications, but lifestyle changes creates a holistic care plan specialized to each individual patient. By treating not CKD but the individual patient, outcomes will improve. Implementing the health care team as a whole will unify the strengths in modern medicine and thus relieve a huge financial burden that chronic kidney disease yields at a national and local

My community assessment project focused on adults with chronic renal disease who are receiving peritoneal dialysis under the care of the Davita Dialysis Clinic located in Dothan, Alabama. This modality of artificial kidney replacement minimizes the disruption of the user’s daily life by allowing them to remove waste products from their bodies on daily basis during their ordinary sleeping hours. According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it was estimated that as many as 10% of adults or more than 20 million people in the United States may be suffering from chronic kidney disease, and in 2011 alone 113,136 of these individuals began treatment for their end stage renal disease ("National chronic kidney disease fact sheet, 2014," 2014).While chronic kidney disease is most commonly seen among individuals of African American descent and in adults over the age of 70, this harsh and deadly disease is not a respecter of age, gender, or race. More than 70,000 people die each year as a result of kidney disease, and Alabama has been ranked fifth in the nation for kidney disease occurrence ("Kidney Facts : Alabama Kidney Foundation," n.d.)

(2014) supported a need to change the current morality outcomes of the chronic kidney disease patient. This change affects all races across all continents. Wen and et al. (2014) determined, “Relative risks of chronic kidney disease for mortality and end-stage renal disease across races are similar.” The authors support a call to action challenging the reader to change the current conditions surrounding the mortality rates associated with chronic kidney disease. This action includes a preventative comprehensive plan to control kidney disease and delay it from become irreversibly chronic. By starting health promotion from the first signs of kidney issues, “optimized care before progression to CKF can delay the development of CKF and ensure that patients are in the best possible clinical condition when they reach CKF.” (Ortiz et al., 2014, p. 1838) The main issue for CKF is once the patient is at a point of needing dialysis, the treatment is considered to be too late. The high mortality rate for this patient is now past the point of change. Steps to improving the optimization of care, Ortiz and et al. (2014) recommends national prevention programs, holistic care, education for the general population and healthcare staff, legislative changes, improved care before dialysis, increase in specialized staffing, and a change in attitude will decrease the mortality rate of CKF

Kidney disease has become more prevalent over the years, one in nine Americans has chronic kidney disease, resulting in the need for a kidney transplant. Kidney failure is caused by variety of factors resulting in damage of the nephrons, which are the most important functioning unit of the kidneys. Kidney failure can be broken down into three groups: acute, chronic, end-stage. Once kidney failure is irreversible, dialysis or transplantation is the only method of survival. To avoid a kidney transplant, one needs to be aware of the pre-disposing factors, signs and symptoms, available treatments, and proper diet.

Kidney failure has spread immensely throughout the United States for the past decade. There are many causes for kidney failure, but the top two in the U.S. are Diabetes and Hypertension. Before this research project, I was not aware of how common Chronic Kidney Disease is amongst us, especially since it ranges from birth to old age. One in 10 adults within the age of 20 or older has been diagnosed with kidney disease in the U.S., (Davita.com). This disease causes a complete lifestyle change and with the right educational tools, diet, compliance, and support from family and friends, the patient should be able to keep living without any complications.

High blood sugar levels caused by diabetes damage blood vessels in the kidneys. If the blood sugar level remains high over many years, this damage gradually reduces the function of the kidneys. Uncontrolled high blood pressure damages blood vessels, which can lead to damage in the kidneys. And blood pressure often rises with chronic kidney disease, so high blood pressure may further damage kidney function even when another medical condition initially caused the disease. Kidney is one of the major systems in your body and can lead to kidney failure and become more complicated than what it’s already is. Along with this causes there are some signs and symptoms that’s included such as nausea and vomiting, fever, painful urinary, increase in urgency, sudden intense abdomen pain, lack of sleep, depression, lack of nutrient, abdominal mass, imbalance pH.

On June 3rd we met with a 75-year-old African American female dialysis patient who is in renal failure due to a long history of hypertension, and type II diabetes leading to diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is caused by the blood glucose rising beyond the filtration capacity of the kidneys; they then lose their abilities to reabsorb glucose. The increased volume dilutes the NaCl in the urine, signaling the macula densa to release renin, causing vasoconstriction. Because the kidney is supplied by the blood it filters, the vasoconstriction also reduces the nutrients supplied to it and damage occurs.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney diseases worldwide and most of the affected patients have T2DM. A considerable number of patients newly diagnosed with T2DM may already have developed nephropathy due to a preceding period of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance [11]. According to the classification of American Diabetes Association, DN is divided into three stages, incipient nephropathy (micro-albuminuria), clinical diabetic nephropathy (macro-albuminuria) and ESRD. To diagnose those DN patients in its early stage can effectively prevent or delay the progression to ESRD [12]. Renal biopsy is a useful way to diagnose DN but is an invasive method so we are in need to simple, accurate and non-invasive test for early diagnosis and/or monitoring DN progression [13]. Several mechanisms, including hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), oxidative stress, and inflammation are the main contributors to DN pathogenesis through activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling which is the key regulator of inflammation and apoptosis [14].

Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem and has been defined by the presence of injury and / or loss of renal function (glomerular filtration rate - GFR) within 3 (three) months or more, regardless of diagnosis ¹.

High blood pressure which is called hypertension is another common disease which can cause chronic renal failure. This

Kidney failure is a public health problem, which has dramatic effects on patients' health. In some