Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease also known as COPD, is one of the third leading cause of death in the United States (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2013a). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015) approximately 15 million Americans are affected by COPD, with a morbidity rate of 6.8 million. Data from the CDC from 2011 states that 6.3% of the U.S population suffer from this disease; Florida has the COPD prevalence rate of 7.1% with the highest percentage going to Kentucky with a rate 9.3% as summarized by the COPD foundation (2015). CDC calculated the cost of having COPD as $32.1 billion in 2010 and they expect it to rise to $49 billion by 2020, all for a disease that could be prevented. Additionally CDC has stated the mortality rate has decreased in men in the United States from 57.0 per 100,000 to 47.6 per 100,000 from 1999 to 2010. However, regarding the rate for women, there has not been much change during the same time period. The rate shifted from 35.3 per 100,000 to 36.4 per 100,000 (CDC, 2014).

R.W. appears with progressive difficulty getting his breath while doing simple tasks, and also having difficulty doing any manual work, complains of a cough, fatigue, and weight loss, and has been treated for three respiratory infections a year for the past 3 years. On physical examination, CNP notice clubbing of his fingers, use accessory muscles for respiration, wheezing in the lungs, and hyperresonance on percussion of the lungs, and also pulmonary function studies show an FEV1 of 58%. These all symptoms and history represented here most strongly indicate the probability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a respiratory disease categorized by chronic airway inflammation, a decrease in lung function over time, and gradual damage in quality of life (Booker, 2014).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, or COPD, is a relatively common chronic illness that is treatable, however there is currently has no cure. COPD is an illness that encompasses two major illnesses these illnesses are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both of these illnesses wreak havoc on the lungs of the affected person by causing mucus to build up in the bronchioles henceforth reducing the effectiveness of the alveoli which impairs gas exchange. According to the American Lung Association, “COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States. More than 11 million people have been diagnosed with COPD, but an estimated 24 million may have the disease without even knowing it” (American Lung Association [ALA], n.d.). As this data from the American Lung Association shows, in the United States alone we may have a total of 35 million people (almost one tenth of the American population) living with COPD. QSEN, which stands for Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, has developed six competencies related to nursing care. These competencies are Patient-Centered Care, Teamwork and Collaboration, Evidence-Based Practice, Quality Improvement, Safety, and Informatics. These aforementioned QSEN competencies break down how nurses should be treating patients and working with the health care team.

Have you ever known a person who smokes and has a hard time doing every day activities, due to difficulty of breath, or constantly coughing. He or she may have Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD. COPD is a progressive and treatable lung disease that causes shortness of breath due to obstruction of air way (COPD, 2013). Progressive means that is gradually gets worse over time. It is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema (Causes,2014). Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, which causes mucus build up (Davis,2016). Emphysema is when the air sacs get enlarged (Smoking, 2016). Since the disease does not have a cure yet it is important to know pathology (path of disease), epidemiology (who is effected in a population), ethology (who is effected genetically), manifestation (symptoms), treatment, and outcome.

COPD is a disease that depletes a person of air. This disease is the fourth top cause of death in the United States. COPD describes several lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, refractory asthma, and other forms of bronchiectasis. There is no average case, as every case is different from the next. This disease is long term but treatable.

During the second week of my clinical rotation, I had the privilege of being with the respiratory department, as a result of that my research of the Continuity of Care topic will be based on the topic of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). COPD patients are usually readmitted due to acute exacerbations also known as (AECOPD). (Laverty et al., 2015). In this paper, we explore the COPD discharge care bundles which have been developed by different authors. The care bundle consists of a short list of certain evidence-based practices to be utilized or implemented before discharge for all patients who have been admitted with COPD, based on reviewing national guidelines, evidenced based practices, expert opinion, other relevant literature, peer-reviewed journals and patient consultation. (Hopkinson et al., 2012).

For this discussion topic, I decided to talk about COPD. COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Some symptoms of COPD is coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, having to clear the throat due to excess mucus in the lungs and lack of energy. Test that could be done to help diagnosis COPD would be a pulmonary function test, chest x-ray, CT scan and arterial blood gas analysis. A pulmonary function test is the most common lung test. During this test, the patient will blow into a large tube connected to a spirometer. This machine measures how much air the lungs can hold and how fast the patient can blow out air. The chest x-ray can show emphysema, which is one of

All over the world, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a very significant and prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, and it is increasing with time (Hurd, 2000; Pauwels, 2000; Petty, 2000). Due to the factor of COPD being an underdiagnosed and undertreated disease, the epidemiology (Pauwels, Rabe, 2004) is about 60 to 85 % with mild or moderate COPD remaining undiagnosed (Miravitlles et al., 2009; Hvidsten et al., 2010).

As a result of R.S.’s chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), he’s going to be experiencing the many consequences of his type B COPD, otherwise known as chronic bronchitis. Copstead & Banasik (2013) states that the pathogenesis for chronic bronchitis has changes in the airways that include swelling and chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosa which can lead to scarring. In addition, there is hypertrophy of mucosal glands and goblet cells, which leads to increased mucosal production. In chronic bronchitis, there’s also a hypersecretion of bronchial mucous (Copstead & Banasik, 2013, p. 483). In normal conditions, the mucus produced by the mucus glands aids in the protection of the lungs by capturing the foreign particles that enter into the lungs. Bellamy & Booker (2004) report that when long-term smokers such as R.S., who are already developing chronic airflow obstruction, the excess of hypersecretion of mucus contributes to the decline of lung function. Long-term production of mucus may cause the patient to suffer lower respiratory tract infection (p. 19).

Smoking well pregnant can expose your child to harmful chemicals. Some of the chemicals in smoke won’t allow oxygen to the blood stream, such as carbon monoxide. Nicotine causes less oxygen and nutrients reach the fetus.

phrase used to describe respiratory diseases characterized by airway obstruction. COPD is now a well-known and serious chronic disease, killing many and affecting a mass number of people per year. COPD is a result in restricted (obstructed) airflow in the lungs. Obstructive diseases include bronchitis, in which inflammation causes chronic bronchial secretions and narrowing of the bronchi and emphysema a permanent destructive enlargement of the airspaces within the lung.

Based on a case study for a 76 year old female, Betty White, presenting to a medical ward with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this paper will firstly outline a brief summary of COPD and discuss the associated risk factors. Secondly, the patient’s information will be summarised. From the perspective of the primary Registered Nurse, this paper will detail steps of an initial clinical assessment of the patient. In doing this, the priorities and considerations involved in order to provide best patient care for this scenario will be addressed. A discussion of information and suggested interventions will be integrated as to how the nurse shall develop a plan of care. Furthermore, it will outline

COPD is a lung disease that makes a person hard to breath. This can cause damage to the lung over the years and this is usually caused from smoking. COPD is a mix of two diseases chronic bronchitis is the airway that carry air to the lung that causes the lung to inflame and make a lot of mucus. This can cause or block the airways that will make it hard to breath. Then there is emphysema where this is a healthy person, Tiny air sacs in the lungs and look like balloons. As the person breathe when inhaling and exhaling. Emphysema are air sacs that damage and lose their stretch. This will cause for less air to get in and out the lungs, in which it will make you feel out of breath.

As an individual grows older, the body will also undergo changes to its system. The effects of changes on the respiratory system can cause problems to develop more easily and be more difficult to manage. Some changes that occur over time are that the nose tissue has reduced support which causes symptoms that interfere with air passage and reduced secretions causing tickling of the throat and coughing. The trachea will stiffen causing more difficulty in the coughing process making the ability to expel lodged items less effectively. The lungs will become smaller; the recoil of the lungs is decrease forcing the body to use other muscles in order to maintain the proper amount of gas exchanges. The thorax and the diaphragm lose skeletal muscle strength causing a reduction in vital capacity and residual volume left in the lungs. Elderly are also more apt to getting respiratory infections because their immune and lymphatic systems also are undergoing changes as they age. All of these changes mentioned above not only impact just the respiratory system but they also force an individual to change their normal daily functions. An

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disorder characterized by a small airway obstruction and reduction in expiratory flow rate (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). It affects over ten percent of the United States’ population, is the 4th leading cause of death, and costs over $37 billion annually to treat (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). In 2013, 2.8% of every 100,000 diagnosed with COPD, died from chronic bronchitis or emphysema related causes (CDC, 2014). Common risk factors for the development of COPD include smoking, air pollution, chronic respiratory infections, and hyperresponsive airways due to asthma (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Unfortunately, early signs and symptoms of COPD are practically nonexistent. Once a patient starts exhibiting symptoms, the disease has progressed significantly (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Pulmonary function tests are essential to diagnose COPD. Forced vital capacity, or the maximum amount of air exhaled with force, indicates lung size (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) measures the maximum amount of air expired in one second (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). FEV1 and symptoms exhibited are used to stage COPD (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). COPD is staged at five levels of severity (Refer to Appendix for severity scale). The severity of COPD is defined by FEV 1 %, or the maximal amount of air forcefully exhaled in one second using spirometry (Timmins, et.al., 2012). Emphysema and chronic