Chronic Wasting Disease: A Case Study

The general principals for environmental cleaning are to ensure the hospital environment is as clean as possible to reduce the risk of infection, and that all precautions are taken in accordance to legislation and Healthcare policy’s and guidelines. “To prevent the transfer of micro-organisms which may cause infection, and to prevent the transfer of foreign protein which may cause adverse reaction and pose the risk of spreading diseases e.g. vCJD. “

Dirty hands is the common source of spreading infection. It is very important to keep hands clean to avoid getting infected and spreading infection in the community. It is important to wash hands to keep hands clean. There are two ways to keep hand clean, one way is wash hands with soap and warm water while rubbing hands together for minimum 15 to 30 seconds. Indication of washing hands with soap and water is when hands are visibly dirty, before and after eating, feeding, using the toilet, after coughing or sneezing, after using gloves, taking care of patients. There is also second way to clean hands, but it is advisable to wash hands with soap and water all the time, but it can ignore when soap and water is not available so it is okay to use hand gel or foam in the form of sanitizer. This helps to clean hands or kill germs when hands are not visibly dirty.

All areas that are being used for healthcare activities should be cleaned with either disinfectant wipes each morning and in between patients/procedures. Equipment should be all new out of the packets and clean. For things more major such as vasectomy’s, minor surgery or family planning clinics, areas should be cleaned everywhere with a disinfectant fluid and also with wipes, gloves should always be worn as well as other PPE such as aprons and hats. All equipment should be new from the packet and only touched by the person who is using

* Aprons must be removed and discarded appropriately. Hands should then be washed and dried or decontaminated with alcohol handrub.

1. The meaning of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe form of muscular dystrophy caused by a genetic defect that can be characterized by a disturbed growth of cardiac and skeletal muscles. It usually affects boys. In 1861, a French neurologist, Guillaume B. Duchenne, was the first person to give a detailed description of this syndrome.

Wash your hands and all of the equipment with mild soap and water. As a final rinse on the equipment, use deionized water. Dry all equipment thoroughly.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a degenerative brain disorder that leads to dementia and ultimately death. Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) sometimes resemble those of other dementia-like brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's, but Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease usually progresses much more rapidly.

We looked first at the relationship between the wolf population and the moose population. From about 1960 to 1970, the wolf population remained fairly consistent at about 20 to 25 wolves. During this time, the moose population grew steadily from 500 to over 1200. The next 10 years saw a doubling of the wolf population to 50. This same 10 years saw a decrease of the moose population from over 1200 to over 800. Then in 1980 began a two year drastic decline in the moose population, which was brought down to 15. For the rest of the decade, the moose population remained quite low at numbers near 20. During the 1980s, the moose population doubled again from around 800 to

-gloves and hair nets should also be worn in a kitchen and before any contact with food.

“The nature of the home environment makes it difficult to maintain control over any procedure, but particular problems arise when the procedure involves trying to prevent contamination” (Hallett 2000 cited in Unsworth 2011).

Contact precautions include: the patients being placed in private rooms, performing proper hand hygiene with antimicrobial soap and water, using friction for 15 seconds, and using gloves and gowns during patient care (Keske and Letizia 332). “One should also ensure adequate cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces and reusable devices. The uses of both buffered and buffered phosphate hypochlite solutions (bleach) have been shown to decrease the rate of C. difficile contamination and helps in reducing Clostridium Difficile associated disease (CDAD) rates” (Patel 104).

Chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer, white tailed deer, and moose. In 1967 chronic wasting disease was discovered in northern Colorado. The Colorado Division of wildlife at Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, Colorado, was the first to look at the disease and identify it. Chronic wasting disease has spread across 23 US states and

Likewise, 1,200 deer were collected within the “ Disease Zone”’ during 2011 winter as well as 2,300 samples from hunters of deer that had been harvested the following fall and no positive result were identified of CWD (CWD Management Plan, 2015). Another Solution is the Control Attempt where states like Wyoming, Colorado, Wisconsin, where CWD has been around for several years, would not want to consider the Eradication Attempt as a course of action. The Control Attempt is to strictly focused on reducing the migration of free-ranging or captive deer also from CWD infected areas, which could greatly reduce the spread. In the Control Attempt, some states have paired up with hunters to monitor the prevalence, distribution, and managing of deer and elk population to meet the requirements of the CWD objectives (CWD Management Plan, 2015). A third solution is the Outreach Attempt, which has been a well developed and educated plan that is perceived as a critical component of CWD management to help keep Texas Hunters and the general public well informed of most factual information about CWD. This attempt to increase the awareness and implication of this disease by networking with natural resource professionals and strongly encouraging them to schedule Chronic Wasting Disease presentations with the wildlife, hunting, or

In the early stages of infection, animals do not show any symptoms of Chronic Wasting Disease (Rembert, 2014). In fact, most deer with Chronic Wasting Disease do not appear to be sick (Rembert, 2014). The incubation period can range from one to five years (Rembert, 2014). In later stages, infected animals begin to display abnormal behavior such as staggering, carrying their heads and ears lower, drooling, not showing fear of humans, and an exaggerated wide posture (Rembert, 2014). Sick animals may have poor hair coats and appear emaciated or starving - thus the name wasting disease (Rembert, 2014). Clinical symptoms are typically not seen in deer less than 16 months of age (Rembert, 2014). Some CWD symptoms may also be characteristic of diseases or conditions other than CWD (Rembert, 2014).

* Hand washing is the most important method of preventing the spread of infection by contact (Ayliffe et al 1999). The Nottingham University Trust Policy on Hand Hygiene (2009) states that there are three types of hand hygiene, the first is ‘routine hand hygiene’ which involves the use of soap and water for 15 – 20 seconds or the application of alcohol hand rub until the hand are dry. The second is ‘hand disinfection’ which should be used prior to an aseptic procedure by washing with soap and water and applying alcohol hand rub afterwards. The third is ‘surgical hand washing’ which is the application of a microbial agent to the hands and wrists for two minutes. In addition to which a sterile, disposable brush may be used for the first surgical hand wash of the day although continued use will encourage colonisation of microbes. The third example is the most appropriate to any O.D.P undertaking the surgical role as it is the best way for the surgical team to eliminate transient flora and reduce resident skin flora (World Health Organization 2010). The first and second are important to any O.D.P undertaking any other role within the Operating Department as this is the best way to reduce the transient microbial flora without necessarily affecting the resident skin flora