Petristan Essay

In the following treatise, the research that will be presented will provide criteria involving similarities and differences in three attributes of life in the four primary river valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive as possible, the primary focus will be on comparing and analyzing the cultures and ambiance, or environments, political organization and religious beliefs, and social structures of each society. The following categories are going to be analyzed by utilizing the frameworks of the four river valley civilizations. Without further ado, a juxtaposition of the ancient river valley civilizations.

During the years of 3500 BC to 2500 BC, the geography of a land often impacted a civilizations development in great measures. Depending on the resources available or the detriments present due to certain topographical characteristics like rivers or deserts, a civilization could flourish or collapse. By studying the geographic features of growing societies like the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris Rivers as well as the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the link between developing cultures and geography will be examined through sources, including Egypt: Ancient Culture, Modern Land edited by Jaromir Malek and Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization by Paul Kriwaczek. To determine the extent

In 1950, V Gordon Childe drew up a list of traits of to what he considered to be the common characteristics of early civilizations. According to Fagan & Scarre, a recent archaeologist Charles Redman divided Childe’s list into primary and secondary characteristics. The primary characteristics included cities and states, together with full-time specialization of labor, concentration of surplus, and a class-structured society. For the secondary, the characteristics included symptoms or by-products of these major economic and organizational changes: monumental public works, long-distance trade, standardized monumental artworks, writing, and the sciences (arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy)(Scarre and Fagan 2003). One of the most common characteristics involve was a large, dense population living in a city. This essay well state and describe two early cities in Mesopotamia and explore the layouts and characteristics of these two cities. Also, whether each city is unique or share common characteristics with each other. The two cities are Maskan-shapir and Ur.

There are a number of differences that draw a distinction between the post-classical civilizations of both India and the Middle East. This distinction is found in the contrasting Muslim rule of both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. Similar in Turkic origin, both civilizations ran at a similar time period, sharing an interesting history of social relations from 1556 and ending in 1748. The most significant of these distinctions would be in the factor of social structure and gender roles. These differences lie in the factors of origin, the role of women, and social hierarchy.

In the later years of Northern Mesopotamia civilization, the climate changed dramatically causing the collapse of several states in the region. Volcano eruptions, increased degree of dryness, and other changes in the climate destroyed the agriculture in the area causing people to relocate to other states. This article solidifies the view that environmental changes are the only reason states formed in certain regions in the first place.

“Hello mother, father, this is your Louie talking. This will be the first time in two years that you’ve heard my voice. I am now interned at a Tokyo prisoner of war camp and I’m being treated as well as can be expected under wartime conditions.” As a viewer we can see the look of pure disgust and longing upon Louie’s face. It was evident that he wasn’t eager to read what was prepared for him as it depicted a false perception of what his wartime conditions were truly like. The fact that he had to make it seem like he was well when in fact he was anything but. I am now able to understand that what those in society often herd about their captured soldiers was quite often incorrect. The enemy wanted to portray an image that hid the true conditions and circumstances the American soldiers were subject to. I not only found this film inspiring as it showed the resilience American soldiers had whilst confined in the prisoner of war camps but also found it interesting as it showed the truths of war so vividly in way that could never be achieved through the use of written words. As a result of this film I am able to see how much we owe these men for our freedom, we were never truly able to appreciate the sacrifice made by those men and women until viewing this incredible film. They went through so much to ensure the freedom of many generations to come and if it wasn’t for these men who knows what our lives would be like today.

Dating of the collection was’nt avalible for the lack of stratagraphy but bone from one the the skulls was date. It returned a date of 1000 BP, the date was retreived using the uranium thorium method. These skulls have been shown to show links to those from Kow Swamp.

Good time management is essential to handle a heavy workload without excessive stress. For a manager, time management helps reduce long-term stress by giving the manager direction when he or she has too much work to do. The manager will then, have the control of how tasks will be completed at work. In addition, having control allows managers to increase their productivity.

There are several ways to interpret for the variability in archaeological data in the Pitts River Basin of northwestern Australia, but first, the history and the archaeology must be exhibited. The entire site used to be underwater because the ocean levels had not stabilized 5000 years ago, so a lot of artifacts surfaced once the levels stabilized and the land dried up. In the basin, there were two types of people who were very contemporary. This is suggested by knowing that hunters and gatherers were marrying outside their group and that the women were the ones who hunted and built this kind of economy. The Pitts River Basin workbook problem shows three major differences in the archaeological record of the main sites of Disaster Beach, Bonzakilla “B”, and Gray’s Creek.

The site was occupied throughout the modern and splenetic periods, based on Stratum 1’s TPQ date from a Pepsi can dated to 1969 AD, and the white glazed pottery characterized in the Modern period and the blue glazed pottery characterized in the Splenetic period strewn about strata 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Time Time is defined as a measured or measurable period, a continuum that lacks spatial dimensions. This broad definition lacks the simple explanation that humans are searching for. There are many scientists, philosophers, and thinkers who have tried to put time into understanding terms. The aspects of time that we can understand are only based on what we can perceive, observe, and calculate. Every day we look at our watches or clocks.

The site of Caesarea Maritima contains many unique challenges for archaeological excavations. Ceramics play an important role in discovering factual information about a site. Nonetheless, Caesarea Maritima has a variety of specific challenges associated with it for archaeologists. Not only does it cover a significant section of the coastal region, but the immense harbour over time has been completely submerged in the sea. Along with geographical challenges, there are also historical ones. The site of Caesarea Maritima was inhabited from Hellenistic time until the Crusaders, a period spanning over 900 years. As it was continuously inhabited, throughout the archaeological layers are the remnants of many different cultures. With this in mind,

Fekri Hassan’s research program involves a little bit of trait-centered archaeology. According to Gibbon (2014) this type of research program pertains to identifying traits of an archaeological culture or past culture. In addition, this type of research program involves “associating components in newly excavated sites with a named archaeological culture…and refining the chronological context of the culture” (Gibbon 2014). This is evident throughout Hassan’s (1986; 2007a; 1988; 1997; 1995) publications as he associates certain areas with specific Egyptian societies such as the Faiyum. In addition, Hassan (1988) uses iconography and hieroglyphics to indicate the life of the past Egyptian society. Additionally, this research program is concerned with the chronological ordering of archaeological cultures and their traits (Gibbon 2014). Although, Hassan (1986; 1995; 1997; 2007b) does not focus on dating each specific culture/trait, but he focuses on providing a chronological ordering of the lake level fluctuation patterns.

Climate is a dominant factor in the development of Central Asian civilizations. In the first map, titled “The Principal Geographical Features and Provinces,” Bregel paints the environmental conditions of each locale with rich details (3). Deserts cast a pervasive presence in the map, limiting both human movement and patterns of settlement. Because of Central Asia’s high aridity, most population centers lie on the banks of Amu-Darya and Sir-Darya, the main rivers in the region, as well as their tributaries. These circumstances, together with the ubiquity of mountains in the south, produce a series of sedentary provinces such as Ferghana and Khorezm that are relatively isolated from one another. Furthermore, the deserts act as a natural barrier disjoining the mountain-based farming communities from the vast steppes to their north, where a more temperate climate and flat terrains encourage nomadic ways of life. Conflicts often arise when the two groups intersect, and the struggle between sedentary city-states and nomadic empires comprises a key theme in the history of Central Asia.

The civilization of Parbat district can be cataloged into ethnicity and antique monuments. Ethnic groups such Magars, Newars and Gurungs inhabit Parbat district (Shrestha and Gautam, 2014). The people living in those districts own custom religion, tradition, language and a living style which is unique. Ancient monuments are present such as Temple, Pati, Gurungs, caves and Religious pilliars (Shrestha and Gautam, 2014). The homogeneity of the ethnicity will affect the formation of the project in the area. Consequently, the project should be developed in a manner that all the groups living in the area benefit specifically and fairly. This will avoid conflicts that can occur and hinder the completion of the project.