Cimate Change: New Zealand’s Obligation to the Kyoto Protocol

Sustainability from a strategic business perspective is the potential for the long-term well-being of the natural environment, including all biological entities, as mutually beneficial interactions among nature and individuals, organizations, and business strategies. (O.C Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2015). Business sustainably is often defined as managing the triple bottom line – a process by which companies manage their financial, social and environmental risks, obligations and opportunities. These three impacts are sometimes referred to as profits, people and planet. (Business sustainability definition from financial times lexicon, no date). This essay will discuss the idea of sustainability being an important element within a businesses and its core strategies and the importance of it within different businesses. Secondly, this study will look at how different stakeholders are affected and influenced by sustainability as this could be seen as a catalyst to improving the environment as a whole and. Then this study will look at how businesses not focusing

“The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that (a)

The Kyoto Protocol, a set of international courtesy rules introduced at the Earth Summit in 1992, was one of the biggest steps taken in the direction towards reducing carbon emissions in industrialized countries. This protocol aimed at a five – pronged approach: commitment (towards reduction of greenhouse gases), implementation (of clean mechanisms), minimizing impact (on developing countries), integrity (through accounting, reporting and review) and compliance (through

Over the past few decades, sustainable business practices have become more prevalent and required in corporations. Australian organisations are required to be responsible for being sustainable socially, economically and environmentally, here we focus on the environmental factors. Australia’s government is constantly coming up

Kyoto Protocol is an agreement that forces all the signatory countries to make great efforts to relieve global warming. It is widely accepted that greenhouse gases are able to heat earth since they can prevent heat from escaping from the atmosphere, a reasonable amount of greenhouse gases is needed to keep the earth warm at a constant and comfortable level, but the overabundance of those gases can influence earth adversely and thus increase the temperature beyond desirable level. Kyoto Protocol is aimed at solving this kind of problem. Therefore, we can say that Kyoto Protocol “is an international treaty among industrialized nations that sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions.” (Rouse, M., 2013) The countries who ratified the protocol will be a member of the United Nations Framework

The Kyoto Protocol… insists on lowering global greenhouse gas emissions in the hope of reaching stabilization at some level, preferably one that is not too high. The basic requirement of the

Carbon trading, often called emissions trading (ET), is a market-based tool to limit GHG. The carbon market trades emissions under cap-and-trade schemes (CTS) or with credits that pay for or offset GHG reductions. The scheme 's governing body begins by setting a cap on allowable emissions. It then distributes or auctions off emissions allowances that total the cap. Member firms that do not have enough allowances to cover their emissions must either make reductions or buy another firm 's spare credits. Members with extra

In response to the threat climate change poses, the Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted by the UNFCC in the year 1997, which entered into force in 2005 [3]. In particular, the protocol hopes to legally compel ratifying and industrialized countries into lowering global warming through the reduction of six greenhouse gases that affect it. Quantifiable targets included reducing collective emissions by 5.2% compared to 1990 levels, with each country having a “common, but differentiated” responsibility that was based on their contribution to global emissions (see Appendix A) [3]. Each country’s target had to be met with either national measures or the following three flexibility mechanisms that would

As a basic description the Kyoto Protocol is a document, which legally binds all member countries that are classified as ‘developed’ to meet specific emission reduction targets. The protocol brings with it several ‘Commitment periods’, which as the name suggests are periods of time by which member states are bound to the protocol. The initial commitment period began in 2008 and ceased in 2012. The next began in 2013 and will end in 2020. Currently there are 192 member states to the protocol. It has been determined that developed countries are primarily responsible for the current elevated levels of Greenhouse gases (GHG). The Kyoto Protocol puts heavier goals on the developed countries based on the idea of differentiated but common responsibilities. The Protocol dictates that there are six primary Greenhouse gases identified as contributing the most harm to the natural environment, these being: Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Hydro fluorocarbons, Per fluorocarbons and Sulfur Hexafluoride (U.S. EPA, N.D.)

International Emissions Trading: Greenhouse gas emissions are considered a new commodity. Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Parties) have accepted targets for limiting or reducing emissions. These targets

1. The problem of Global Warming has been one that has increased dramatically throughout the past 150 years. This is thought to be due to increased industrialisation throughout the world in this time and this is backed up by the fact that approximately 97%(NASA, n.d.) of scientists worldwide believe that it is strongly likely the increasing global climate is due to human activity. International cooperation is required in order to solve the problem of global warming as it takes a global effort to solve a global problem. In order to reduce worldwide carbon emissions that lead to global warming, every country has to work together in order for real progress to eventuate. It isn’t good enough for most countries to reduce their carbon emissions while the main emitters like USA and China, continue to emit almost as much as the rest of the nations in the agreement. The Kyoto Protocol was created in 1997 to encourage the governments around the world to reduce their greenhouse-gas emissions. The specific goal was that countries should try to reduce their carbon emissons by 5.2% below their 1990 level by 2012. This 5.2% is a collective goal however and different countries had different targets, for example developed countries such as the USA had higher targets to reach (reduce emissions by 7%) whereas developing countries were able to increase their emissions slightly. This is because the developing countries were not the ones responsible for the initial

The Kyoto Protocol, negotiated in December 1997, is the first major step toward implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Protocol sets targets for industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases over the next 10 years. It offers four means to achieve those targets: domestic action and three international market-based instruments. These mechanisms work through emissions reductions or through enhancements in the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to absorb carbon. This Dialogue focuses on the Protocol's provisions to enhance the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to absorb carbon. These provisions may create incentives and financial mechanisms for more effective and

In 2012, the Kyoto treaty was set to expire but the goals set in the treaty were nowhere near completion so the countries involved decided to meet in Durban in 2011 to discuss a new treaty to extend the ideas of Kyoto. Since 2011 they haven’t exactly come up with a new plan for a treaty until the U.S and China, both of which were not part of Kyoto, set a couple of goals to lower their emissions. With both China and the U.S putting out their goals, all other countries involved with the new idea of a treaty will have a better idea on how to compromise to lower the emission output and stop contributing as much too global warming. As discussed in class, the amount of time the world has to get it together and put an end to the enormous amounts of emissions being pumped into the atmosphere is thirty years which is considered plenty of time if everyone could agree on a new treaty. Our carbon budget is how the countries have been looking at what happens in those thirty years. Worldwide the total amount of carbon we can produce is around 1,000,000,000,000 metric tons of carbon (Duncan 2014). With the U.S and China setting the limits and examples on how much to produce, the world now has an acceptable idea of how much each country can produce.

of the Kyoto Protocol allow Annex I countries to achieve part of their emission reduction

Pollution, specifically global warming, is of growing concern to people and governments. It is a controversial issue whose validity is still being debated by scientists. The Kyoto Protocol is an international attempt to address global warming through emissions controls. Traditional neoclassical economic models do not incorporate pollution in rudimentary theories of supply, demand, or pricing, as a result, firms do not consider pollution as a cost of production, which leaves government regulation as the primary method for controlling these externalities. The goal of emissions trading is to allow one business, which can make greenhouse gas emission reductions for a relatively low cost, to sell