Cinchona Bark Controversy

can be used to aid Narcolepsy. It was first discovered during the search for an cure for

The commodity chain of coca and cocaine began with the extraction of alkaloidal cocaine from the dried Andean coca leaf. This discovery by German doctoral student Albert Niemann would soon transform cocaine into a world drug commodity. Initially, cocaine was essential as a high-value medical commodity. Medical uses of cocaine included treatment of opiate addiction, hay fever, asthma, or other respiratory ailments. Cocaine’s greatest medical impact in the United States was as a local anesthetic during surgery. In Europe, cocaine’s commodity chain was defined by the coca elixir Vin Mariani developed by Corsican physician and chemist Angelo Mariani. Cultivated by Peruvian and Bolivian peasants living in the Andean Mountains, the coca leaf would be dried and shipped to the United States or Europe for refining. Due to the herb’s

It helps cure ear infections, acute nose, throat or sinus infections, upper respiratory infection, mouth and gum infections, skin infections, Anthrax after exposure, Lyme disease, chorea and many more. Penicillin stops or slows down the growth of bacteria.

development was the method of getting quinine from cinchona tree bark to treat the disease

Soldiers also faced another dangerous threat in the south Pacific during World War 2 then just the japanese. This threat was Malaria. Out of the 75,000 American and Filipino soldiers trying to stop the japanese advance in 1942 24,000 of them were suffering from Malaria (Paltzer 2016). The preferred treatment for malaria used by the Army was Quinine. Quinine was a medicine that helped prevent Malaria. However the world supply for Quinine was largely under control

First and foremost is the more favorable side of the topic: medicines created from plants. Most of the medicines made were pain-relievers such as opium and teas. Opium is a liquid from the opium poppy that is also found in many other medicines. “Opium ranked as the most effective pain relieving drug until the development of morphine in the early 1800s” (Herndon). Even though morphine was considered more effective than opium, morphine is a drug that contains

Stories of Native Americans contributions to the advancement of health and medicine traces were discovered in a small town in Nali, Africa. The very first onset of the beggining of modern pharmacology is the substance called "quinine". This is the substance that came from a bark of a tree that grew in high elevations. The Indians has been using this substance to cure malaria, cramps, chills, hear-rythm disorders and many other ailments. Prior to the disovery of quinine, the old world suffers enormously because the lack of medical knowledge that the old world posess. Quinine would have probably been introduce somewhere in 1630, as it was mention in

- Quinine, which helps cure malaria, is obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree found in South America.

The first recorded usage of pharmaceuticals was by the Babylonians in Ancient times who developed their medicinal practices through

that are the cause of malaria. It helps kill the insects that can be dangerous to crops that people

He travelled extensively in South America, sending specimens of more than 7,000 plants back to England, many of which were new to science. He gathered seeds of the quinine-producing cinchona tree from the slopes of the Andes – these were used by the Empire in India as a source of this anti-malarial drug. Born in Ganthorpe, his family moved to Welburn in 1841. When not abroad he spent much of his adult life in Welburn, occasionally deputising for his father as the teacher at Welburn School.

At the time America is still heavily racist and this make people believe that marijuana harm people without hearing about scientific proof. People demand action before knowing that marijuana can actually help with pain. Medical community disagree and angry at Anslinger. They even challenge him to court but they lose to Harry because people don’t like the races ideas that Harry make up for marijuana. He even launches a nationwide media campaign about what he thinks that marijuana does to people. The ad shows that if people use marijuana then they will hurt themselves and committing crime, and even suicide. He campaign has convinced the public that marijuana is a “killer Drug”. This make people believe that marijuana harm people

(Sloman. pg. 221) For most of our nation's history, farmers grew marijuana for its fiber content.

Galen’s medical research was only directed and focused towards animal anatomy, with his observations on animal bodies. Furthermore, his research results in irrelevance and ineffectiveness for the human body. The Renaissance period was an important historical event, as within this time, many new and exciting discoveries were made. Islamic physicians shared their understanding of anatomy and their herbal remedies in which other physicians added to, which resulted in better, more effective cures. Asia brought cures too, such as Quinine, which is used as a preparation in the treatment of Malaria and it comes from the bark of Quina Trees. Another example of anatomical research from Asia is Laudanum, which is based on opium. Laudanum, was used a painkiller in which the use of, spread quickly. Paracelsus, a Swiss-German physician discovered a cure for the deadly disease Syphilis. His cure involved taking measured doses of mercury compounds internally. Another key person in the medical developments of the Renaissance period was William Harvey, an English physician. He was the first person to understand the whole system of blood circulation in the human

Curare, or Chondrodendron Tomentosum, is a plant extract from Central and South America. The extract serves as a poison that has traditionally been used by South American indigenous peoples to aid in hunting efforts. By dipping arrows in poison, the hunter could then hunt for food by slowly poisoning it’s prey through asphyxiation. Intuitively, eating a poisoned animal would be unwise, but the toxins in the Curare do not remain in the body. White Europeans took note of this unique property, and in the 1940s modern science had transformed this lethal poison into an effective anesthesia and muscle relaxant (Betcher 1977). Since then, pharmaceutical companies in the United States have patented and made massive profits from Curare while the indigenous