Ciprofloxacin Lab

There are millions of different organic compounds. Most of them are found in mixtures and in order to achieve a pure form they need to be separated, isolated, and purified. However, there are endless numbers of possible mixtures, which make it impossible to have a pre-designed procedure for every mixture. So chemists often have to make their own procedures. The purpose of this experiment was to prepare the student to the real world by them designing their own procedure which will help them understand the techniques of separation and purification better. The goal was to extract two of the components of the

This analysis of case studies from Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the case study to predict the effects of pesticides on aquatic systems and the waterfowl that uses them. Comparing the two processes of these case studies, along with analysis of the assessments. Describing the case study on the effects of pesticides in aquatic ecosystem, the risk assessment correlated to observed field studies and evaluate the importance of this type of correlation in general for all risk assessment efforts. Breaking down the ecological and social

Bioassays, Daphnia magna, were used to monitor water for the presence of toxic compounds in various water samples, including samples 1 mile upstream from the Fletcher’s Paint dump site and one mile downstream. A bioassay is a living organism that serves as a detector for toxins. It is hypothesized that if the Daphnia mortality rate when exposed to water samples from various locations is higher in greater solutions, then their deaths' indicate that the water contains toxic compounds due to the harmful toxins that originated from human pollution. This is the same hypothesis for the Fletcher’s Paint experiment.

Pharmaceuticals are defined as prescription, over the counter and veterinary therapeutic drugs used to prevent or treat human and animal diseases, while personal care products (PCPs) are used mainly to improve the quality of daily life [16]. Over the past few years, there has been growing awareness of the unintentional presence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in various compartments of the aquatic environment at concentrations capable of causing detrimental effects to the aquatic organisms. This has become a major concern because PPCPs are extensively and increasingly used in human and veterinary medicine, resulting in their continuous release to the environment.

Clinafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the quinolone carboxylic acid category that inhibits both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV dually in Streptococcus pneumonia. Clinafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, is currently in development for oral and intravenous therapy of serious infections.

PFOS are water and lipid resistant and has physiochemical properties. This chemical is both water resistant and lipid resistant making it easier for it to travel from soil to groundwater where then it can be transported long distances to the drinking water wells. Another thing that makes this hazard unique is that it contains physicochemical properties. The fluorine-carbon bond of PFOS is very strong and the vapor pressure of it is low. These two components of PFOS's physicochemical properties causes PFOS to become resist to many of the standard in-situ treatment technologies. The characteristics that make this chemical a hazard is that it is water and lipid resistant causing it to have a greater advantage in entering the groundwater through the soil without any trouble. It is a stable chemical thus it is able to resist an environmental degradation process. These factors make this chemical be identified as a hazard because it is a chemical that can be easily entered into the groundwater and into city wells causing people to get ill from the contaminated water. Potential health concerns are that exposure to PFOS constantly may develop tumors in their livers in humans, and it may cause an effect on DNA damage in the cells of a human liver. Also, it was found that thyroid disease is related to a high concentration of PFOS in serums. Another potential health concern is that there has been a correlation found between bladder cancer and exposure of PFOS. These health effects of PFOS are found to be a potential health concern for the human

There is a correlation that the number of marine systems that become exposed to both treated and untreated wastewater discharges increases, as there are concurrent increases in population around coastal areas. The environmental quality of receiving waters may be compromised due to thousands of different chemicals released via sewage inputs. Over the last decade there has been a growing interest on a specific chemical known as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Antimicrobials, fragrances, therapeutic drugs, some polymers, and surfactants are all categorized as PPCPs. In developed countries, most wastewater are treated in order to ensure that the majority of the chemicals, or a very significant portion of the chemicals, are removed

Studies have shown that near shore, and in rives tributaries to the Great Lakes the PPCPs levels have a higher risk quotient. The risk quotient being the ratio of maximum measured environmentally concentration to the predicted no-effect concentration of the pollutant. Using this ratio, 38 compounds were detected from effluent or Lake Michigan samples with four compounds being detected at levels greater than 50% frequency. These compounds found at all of the sampling sites in Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee Harbor are: metformin (100%), caffeine (97.6%), sulfamethoxazole (83.3%), and triclosan (71.4%). The mean and maximum levels from the samples can be found in Table 2, along with the minimum detection limit, minimum quantification limit, and maximum value found in the method

The exponential growth of human population, caused an unprecedented problem for the global ecosystem. (Carolina EcoKits, 2012) The increase in pollution brought upon great fear and concern about what types of contaminants were in the foods and water supply for citizens. In 1977, the Clean Water Act was passed, the act ensured that any release of pollutants at toxic levels into any water source was forbidden. (Carolina EcoKits, 2012) It allowed for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set guidelines and standards for how pollutants were emptied in navigable waters. (Carolina EcoKits, 2012)

With the vast diversity of pollutants being introduced to these waters, it is becoming more and more difficult to analyze and identify the exact effects each pollutant has on the water quality as well as the organisms living in them (Howe and Clark, 2014). Scientists, though, have discovered new ways of identifying these negative effects the pollutants have by analyzing certain

The Public Library of Science, PLOS, published a research article in 2015 in PLOS|One, which covers experiments done with rotenone and its effect at different concentrations over a period of 18 hours. This article, titled “An Assessment of the Effect of Rotenone on Non-Target Aquatic Fauna,” was authored by Dalu, Wasserman, Jordaan, Froneman, and Weyl. These people are members of the Department of Zoology and Entomology of Rhodes University, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Centre for Invasion Biology, and Scientific Services Department in South Africa. Dalu et al. performed a experiments in water systems that were isolated from other waterways. They compared a control group with no poison in the

Many surveys and studies confirm the presence of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater and effluents, reports WHO. However, according to WHO, studies in the US have detected very low levels

1- To examine the possibility of Dichlorvos being persistent and undergoing long range transport across the globe , several physical properties were brought into perspective to make these conclusions. The vapor pressure for dichlorvos was found to be 0.012 mm Hg (1.6 x 10-3 kPa) at 20 °C.(1) (2) The vapour pressure tells us that Dichlorvos is volatile thus increasing the possibility of it being a global pollutant. The Octanol water partition coeffcient (log P) was found to be 1.47.(3) The half-life of dichlorvos in water varies between 20 to 80 hours at pH between 4-9 .(4) (5) Dichlorvos doesn’t accumulate in animals or plants, and almost all of the Dichlorvos applied in greenhouses and food storage areas is broken down in 3 to 6 hours.

Nice discussion post, I agree with you the medication ciprofloxacin is associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture. These include pain, swelling, inflammation, and possible breakage of tendons. The risk of tendon problems is greater in patients who are older than 60 years old, all this risk factor could lead to fall so it will be advisable if the client is on fall precaution when taking the medication. However, problems may also occur in other tendons (eg, in the shoulder, arm, hand). Problems may occur while the client is taking ciprofloxacin tablets or up to several months after you stop taking it.

Although the state of America’s water infrastructure is of great concern, the types of chemicals found in America’s tap water are equally as frightening. The passage of the Water Act in 1972 prevents the direct dumping of hazardous chemicals directly into waterways, and helps regulate quality standards of water. However, the Clean Water Act is has no jurisdiction on regulating indirect dumping of chemicals that integrates into water supplies. Pesticides and prescription drugs are the greatest cause for concern of indirect containments in America’s water supply (Olsen). An abundance of the harmful chemicals found in liquefied animals feces, used in large dairy states, have percolated into drinking wells that have caused serious infections (Duhigg). However, more harmful containments are infiltrating water supplies. Such containments include