Cisplatin

The cochlea contains thousands of outer and inner hair cells that transduce the mechanical energy of sound into electrical energy and then deliver that electrical energy to the auditory nerve. The hair cells provide information about the frequency and intensity of the sound. The auditory nerve then transmits sound information to the brain, where a variety of complex pathways help us decipher what was actually heard (Jacob, n.d.). Therefore, much of hearing as we perceive it is under the control of the brain rather than the ear. Most commonly, sensorineural hearing loss is caused by hair cell damage in the cochlea, but it can also be caused by damage to the auditory nerve. Like it was described above, sensorineural hearing loss can have a variety of causes (Jacob, n.d.). A lot of different causes will lead to different symptoms.

This allows it to interact with other atoms in many ways. This is very significant when Platinum is used in anticancer drugs for chemotherapy. Cisplatin is a Platinum based drug and is one of the oldest and most successful anticancer drug in the history of chemo prescriptions. The molecule structure of DNA is very important for the interaction of Cisplatin. It is a double-helix and is held together by building blocks, scientifically known as nucleotides. Through the bases of DNA, Platinum is then able to its job. The drug reacts in a displacement reaction. The chlorine atoms that are in our bodies are displaced by the aqua ligand, a coordination compound of metal ions and water, which is the displaced by the nitrogen in the DNA. The cisplastin then is left to interact with the DNA and creates two cross-link stands. Repairing mechanisms in the body then separate the cisplastin from the DNA which then causes the damage of the unhealthy cells. (Carmen Drahl 2017) this is shown in fig

Napabucasin also named (BBI608), is an orally available small molecule by the ability to inhibit gene transcription of STAT3 and cancer stemness properties and suppresses spherogenesis of or kills stemnesshigh cancer cells isolated from several kinds of cancer types [1]. Stat3 is critically important for maintaining cancer stemness.

Pure tone audiometry suggested the presence of otosclerosis in the right ear. SRT (50dB for the right ear and 30dB for the left ear) corresponds with the pure tone thresholds. WR scores for the right ear were 96% (85dB) and 100% (70dB) for the left ear, which are consistent with the CHL in the right ear and WNL in the left ear. Typanometry confirmed that finding by revealing a reduced compliance, which indicated less mobility of the tympanic membrane due to increased stiffness. These findings corresponded with the presence of Carhart’s notch at 2000Hz from the audiogram. The absence of OAEs in the right ear also confirmed the conductive component of hearing loss in the right ear due to otosclerosis. The audiology evaluation affirmed that the patient has a decrease in hearing for natural and speech sounds in the right

The journal article describes the data that was collected by the recent test of the drug, Rociletinib. The drug is described as a new development that has potential for treating the advanced cancerous tumors. The specific tumors that were analyzed had already developed a resistance to the medicine. Its clinical trials were done on a sample size of 130 patients. The 57 patients of the study that received the drug showed positive results in their treatments of NSCLC.

Exposure to chemotherapy as the single treatment and medical risk variable might relate to the seriousness of personal illness experiences related to intensive chemotherapy. For example, reduced absolute neutrophil counts can increase risk for sepsis or typhlitis, which in turn would necessitate hospitalizations, possibly even in the intensive care unit. Similarly, high-dose steroids can increase risk for aseptic vascular necrosis of the hip, associated with pain and requiring hospitalization. Thus, intensive chemotherapy tends to be more potentially life-threatening than the experience with radiotherapy, and the possibility that long-term physical effects attributable to chemotherapy create distress increases with

Quinine, used to treat malaria, can produce deafness and tinnitus. The effect is usually reversible if it is discontinued.

In conclusion, current study provides evidence that the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin alone or in combination with licorice is less effective in comparison with that of licorice alone in case of the treatment of HCC in rats. cisplatin has been one of the more efficient anticancer chemotherapeutic agents because it effect in multiple intracellular sites in order to induce death in tumor cells. Nevertheless in order to increase the efficiency of cisplatin, other drugs are used in combination. More research is necessary in order to improve anticancer treatments and to decrease toxic effects. Our results demonstrate that the aqueous extract of licorice showed a significant effect in amiolerating liver functions as well as estoring hepatic tissue in acute liver diseases when the extract was administered in single dose per day of 2gm/kg body weight. The potency of the different treatment regimens in HCC therapy is arranged in the following order: licorice alone > licorice plus cisplatin > cisplatin alone.

Methotrexate is an antimetabolite of folic acid that blocks the formation of thymine within the cell, rendering it incapable of DNA replication. As a chemotherapeutic agent, it is also employed as an alternative treatment for psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis when they are unresponsive to conventional therapies. Methotrexate (MTX) induces an effect similar to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by interrupting the formation of thymine within the cell, which leads to the inability to replicate DNA. Unlike 5-FU, which inhibits the action of thymidylate synthetase, MTX binds tightly to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and blocks the formation of tetrahydrofolate, leading to the depletion of associated folate co-factors (126).

Systemic chemotherapy continues to be the treatment of choice for most patients. Most dogs treated for lymphoma will receive a multidrug chemotherapy CHOP regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and doxorubicin. During treatment for canine lymphoma, the drug L-asparaginase (L-asp) is supplemented in order to catalyze the cleavage of asparagine to ammonia and aspartate. The level of asparagine is depleted from circulating blood by use of L-asp, diminishing its availability for uptake into cells. Since high-grade canine lymphomas are aggressive cancers, with a high demand for exogenous asparagine, L-asp, in combination with prednisone, is an integral component of induction chemotherapy. 85–90% of dogs are likely to experience

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if oncomodulin is necessary for cochlear development as well as cochlear functioning. Looking at oncomodulin is a relatively new topic in the scientific community and therefore this research is applicable as scientists are trying to figure out the purpose behind it being located almost solely in the outer hair cells of the cochlea. In order to better understand the function of oncomodulin, this study depleted hair cells of oncomodulin to see how cochlear function was affected.

Melanin is also said to be linked with hearing. Melanocytes are present in the inner ear, the eye, and in the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. It has been demonstrated that melanin deposits in these areas are proportional to the amount of melanin found in the skin . These areas of the body, similar to the skin, are exposed to high-energy free radicals that can damage the surrounding cells, and thus causing a lower threshold for hearing.

Dose-limiting toxicity describes a situation when side effects of a particular treatment or use of a drug are serious or severe to prevent an increase in a drug dose or level of treatment. Cisplatin remains a major antineoplastic drug for the treatment of solid tumor and is classified as an alkylatin agent. Nephrotoxicity is a major dose-limiting toxicity that is related to cisplatin.

CC, a 28 year old male, has a chief complaint of a notable muffled right hear. The patient stated it started 2 weeks ago. It has a consistent duration. He denies any pain, discharge, dizziness, or tinnitus bilaterally. The ability to hear voice is decreased on the right side. Rhine test is AC>BC for the left ear. The right ear results indicate AC<BC. Weber test result indicates hearing is louder in the left ear. Upon inspection using an otoscope, the right ear has a llarge amount of cerumen. The tympanic membrane is visible, pearly gray, and semitransparent. Jarvis (2016) states that conductive hearing loss is one of the health care conditions that can occur with impacted cerumen. CC has no temperature. CC denies weight loss, fatigue,

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of transtympanic injections of N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The study originally involved 24 patients, only twenty of which were eligible for participation, who were all going through some from of cancer treatment involving Cisplatin. The investigators main goals of the study were to evaluate the “feasibility of the transtympanic effusion of an otoprotective medicament, such as N-acetylcysteine, in a cohort of adult patients treated with cisplatin in terms of both patient compliance and middle ear reaction to the infusion of the agent (Riga, M. et al., 2013). They also wanted to, “evaluate the otoprotective efficacy of this manipulation in cisplatin-treated humans” (Riga, M. et al., 2013). Cisplatin has long been known as a drug that can cause detrimental problems to the auditory system. After the each round of Cisplatin, the patients were also treated