Terms: Ten Percent Plan-proposed by Abe but never put in effect, would have granted amnesty to most ex-confederates and allow each rebellious state to return to the Union Wade Davis Bill- that an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state's adult white men, new governments formed only by those who had never taken up arms against the Union and permanent disenfranchisement of confederate leaders Black Codes- laws passed after the Civil War that denied ex-slaves the civil rights enjoyed by whites (only in south) Freedmen's Bureau- Civil Rights Act of 1866-legislation passed by Congress that nullified the Black Codes and Affirmed that African Americans should have equal benefits under law Fourteenth Amendment- All native born people to the …show more content…
Freedmen's Bureau gets extension gave it direct funding and authorized agents to investigate black discrimination iv. Johnson did not like Congressional civil rights bill- formerly enslaved people could become citizens and granted equal protection and rights of contract with full access to courts v. 1866- he vetoed the acts an claimed government was only for whites vi. After Johnson's attack on the civil right bill republicans make the civil rights act of 1866 vii. Johnson went a railroad campaign tour which caused audience members to brawl viii. Republicans add blacks in the 14th amendment ix. Johnson urged them not to ratify it, democrats used it as a campaign issued x. Republicans won! Overwhelming support for securing rights of ex-slaves. xi. Radicals reconstruction was for remaking southern society c. Radical Reconstruction i. The reconstruction Act of 1867- divided south to 5 military districts, under a Union general ii. Congress overrode Johnson's veto on the reconstruction act iii. Price to return to the Union was granting suffrage iv. Senate reconvened- overruled staton's suspension v. House of Representation created the article of impeachment against …show more content…
Classical liberals emerged free trade, smaller governments, and limited voting rights viii. Denounced universal suffrage- say that blacks were unfit to govern b. Counterrevolution in the South i. Undoing of reconstruction due to southerners resistance and northern acquiesces ii. Democrats wanted to restore voting rights for ex confederates iii. KKK secret group that harassed and attacked blacks iv. Enforcement Laws an attempt to stop them v. Assault on Klan demonstrates how dependent African Americans and southern republicans were on the federal government vi. Northern thought reconstruction just produced bloodshed vii. Mississippi- armed local democrats= take control of ballot boxes/ state viii. Courts begin to undercut the power of the 14th Amendment c. The Political Crisis of 1877 i. Republicans - Ruther Hayes ii. Democrats- Samuel Tilden iii. Both favored home rule for the south iv. Hayes won the election= reconstruction ended d. Lasting Legacies i. Withdraw troops from the south= rise of Confederate and southern democratic power ii. Southern whites used violence to stop blacks. Reconstruction messed up the legal framework the justified the US as a white man's
The Ku Klux Act gave the president great power to intervene with southern states affected by the Klan’s violent acts. Federal officials eventually arrested hundreds of people suspected to have been involved in the Klan and the violence then subsided. However, by this time, the Ku Klux Klan had achieved its main goals in the majority of the southern states and the white supremacist governments were then in firm control. Consequently, a variety of legal measures could be taken to suppress the blacks’ voting and civil rights.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was designed to make the federal government responsible to enforce equal rights and nondiscrimination in public services for blacks. The brainchild of former abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts. Sumner insisted that social inequality hampered the ability for freed slaves and other blacks to rise economically even though the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments had made all Americans free before the law, did not guarantee equal access to labor, education, housing and having the ability to vote.
Black codes, amendments, and new congressional bills were all key factors in the start of the “rebuilding” phase. Johnsons plan for reconstruction was followed until December of 1865 when congressed refused his new idea and created a joint committee to frame a policy of their own. Black codes were one of the first “laws” put into order. These codes were “allowing authorization to local officials to apprehend unemployed black, fine them for vagrancy and hire them to private employers to satisfy fines” (Brinkley 358). Johnson did not approve of black laws because they were basically reselling them [African Americans] into being slaves again. Congress overrode Johnson’s veto and soon after this congress did approve the fourteenth amendment. The 14th amendment was the first constitutional definition of American citizenship; “All who were born in the United States and naturalized was automatically a citizen and entitled to all privileges” (Brinkley 359). President Jackson was not the president everyone had faith in. He went behind the backs of the trustful Americans and was still administering his reconstruction programs. In early 1867, the states began looking for evidence and plans to remove him from office. The impeachment process began shortly after they found key evidence to support their reasoning of impeachment. “The vote was 35 to 19 and was one vote short for the 2/3 majority” (Brinkley
President Andrew Johnson and his Congress were involved in several conflicts. After the assignation of President Lincoln, Johnson failed to follow through with Lincoln’s ideas for reconstruction. Johnson pardoned all former confederates as long as they agreed to swear a loyalty oath to the Union. This restored confederate political and property rights. Johnson goes on to establish provisional governors and orders them to hold state conventions. Only whites are allowed to vote. New governments are established and they are given authority to in managing local affairs. The bottom line is that after the war nothing changed at this point. The confederates were back in charge. The violence against the former slaves increases and the new southern
Civil Rights Act 1866 and 1875 - according to encyclopedia the “The civil rights acts of 1866 and 1875 were passed by the U.S. Congress in an effort to make full citizens of and guarantee the rights of the freed slaves.” (Encyclopedia.com, 2015)
Grant’s lack of action during Reconstruction led to enduring problems in the American South that are tangible to this day. His caution in enforcing voting rights and civil liberties legislation led to the emergence of Jim Crow Laws and the Ku Klux Klan, their influence still occurring well into the twentieth century and further. As the South was ravaged by the long lasting and enduring effects of the Civil War, Grant was very ineffective in fostering a culture of renewal in the region, instead sowing discord among the economic, social, and political factions of an area torn apart by war. The Ku Klux Klan enacted horrible and vicious hate crimes that struck fear into the hearts of recently freed African-Americans attempting to live in a world where their very existence was threatened (“Reconstruction and Its Aftermath”). In the Grant era succeeding the Emancipation Proclamation and African American military service, the nation remained unwilling to award African Americans the full scope of rights deserved to their status as American citizens.
Under President Johnson in 1865-1866, southern legislatures passed strict “black codes” to have supremacy over the labor and behavior of African Americans. This angered the North, who refused to have southern congressmen be elected for seats. Later around early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau, which “blacks pleaded with the Freedmen's Bureau for help in releasing their own children or those of deceased relatives.” (Botkin 29), to assist freed slaves.
In state constitutional conventions, delegates elected by all whites who had received amnesty would have to amend their constitutions to abolish slavery, ratify the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, repudiate all debts contracted by the Confederate governments, and nullify the secession ordinances. Having done that, Southerners could organize elections to establish regular civil governments under the supervision of President Johnson’s governors. Yet, to Johnson, the abolition of slavery itself seemed a radical step, one that overturned the social and economic system of generations. (Les Benedict, 6) Similar to Lincoln’s views about African Americans being a secondary interest compared to that of the white southerners, Johnson believed that slaves should not have any rights as compared to the white Americans. (Conlin, 411) He did not favor voting for black people and so in his view the Constitution would not allow making black suffrage one of the federal mandates. He, in effect, made his personal beliefs “coterminous with the constitutional authority; if he approved of a measure it was constitutional and if he did not approve of a measure it was unconstitutional.” (Gordon-Reed, 102) After all, though he was a man of the Union, his roots still resided in the South. He reportedly declared as that “this is a country for white men, and as
Congress refused to seat any newly elected southern politicians to remain in control. Johnson vetoed the Freeman’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act in 1866 as an attempt to dismantle to Black Codes. Johnson however believed in keeping power to the states to keep favor on both sides. In order to rejoin the economy back, the Radical Republicans pushed for laissez-affair economics to help rebuild the south.
The years post the Civil War left the United States in a vulnerable position of chaos, most, if not all of the South had been penetrated and destroyed by the Union Army. This cause the country’s inevitability for reconstruction, not only political and economic reconstruction, but structural reconstruction as well. In 1865, the most influential event that occured was assassination of President Lincoln, this spurred all Radical Republicans in Congress towards the clear path they needed to implement their plan for Reconstruction.
Lincoln’s plan required that 10% of former Confederate voters to take an oath of loyalty, in order for amnesty. The Wade-Davis bill stated
Lincoln’s plan states that when 10% of the number of legal voters in the rebel state had taken the loyalty oath, a new state government could be established and the state was permitted back into the Union.
16) What did the former Confederate states have to accomplish to reenter the Union under Johnsons plan for Reconstruction?
According to Cobb, the essential cause behind the assumed attempt to create “negro supremacy” in the South was to dismantle the former rebels of their “civil and constitutional rights.” The white southerners felt that the federal government had “engendered a spirit of bitter antagonism on the part of negro population towards the white people” and that they in addition prepared on making the white people “former slaves
They presented shifted recreation programs, and in addition the advancement of open employees in many states for the essential time, furthermore the establishment of magnanimous foundations. They raised expenses . . . offered immense support to help railroads. . . Moderate rivals charged that Republican administrations were defaced by boundless debasement. Fierce restriction towards freedmen and whites UN organization backed Reconstruction developed in changed territories beneath the name of the nuclear number 104 Klux KKK. Preservationist white Democrats, claiming boundless defilement, counterattacked and recaptured power in every state by 1877, commonly with savagery. The Freedmen got to be second class voters, though most Southern whites got to be disenchanted at the North. The following extract is from segment seventeen, blessing and historiography that relate extra on to your task. I may urge you to sweep this area altogether, despite the fact that you don't have room schedule-wise to output the rest of the article. It communicates some verifiable purposes of read have a few quotes you will examine referring to in your paper: The understanding of Reconstruction has swung over and over again ordinarily. Almost all antiquarians hold that Reconstruction prompted