Classical Conditioning Essay

In the case of,” 7 year old Antonio, after recovering from a bad flu, at a nearby hospital, would notices having stomach pain, when passing the area of the hospital.” Therefore, Antonio, experience, a case of the Conditioned Response (CR); in this case a learned connection and associations with being in the hospital, feeling sick with the flu, which is a general process, acquisition. Yet, has a Conditioned Stimulus (CS), “ During acquisition, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself.” OpenStax College. (2015). Learning. In Psychology (chapter 6)

While learning to drive a car, I have experienced the elements of classical conditioning. Conditioned stimulus was a car that rapidly stopped in front of me.

In classical conditioning, there are four critical elements: the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, and the conditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that causes a response before any conditioning, and an unconditioned response (UR) is the way something reacts to an unconditioned stimulus (text, p. 256). In my example, the US would be bad bacteria, and it resulted in the UR of nausea. A conditioned stimulus (CS) involves a neutral stimulus (NS), something that didn’t originally cause a reaction, becoming something that causes a conditioned response after a connection is made to the US (text, p. 256). In my example, the

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Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a

Classical conditioning is a form of learning that is taught to us through experiences we encounter in our lives. It involves outside stimuli to trigger the condition we have learned to expect. For example, the sound of a lunch bell would trigger our stomach to start growling soon after hearing the bell ring. The expectation of food to come soon after hearing the bell and satisfy our hunger is what makes our stomach growl. This is something learned over time. Expectations can be both good and bad. Sometimes these negative experiences cause us to have certain behaviors when we are reminded of such an event.

There are seven basic processes to classical conditioning. The first process is acquisition which occurs when the conditioned stimulus elicits a response for the first time (Davey, 1992). The second process is stimulus contiguity which says that the two events (unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus) will more likely become associated with each other if they occur within a small time interval (Davey, 1992). The third process is extinction which is when the conditioned response weakens and disappears due to lack of reinforcement (Davey, 1992). The fourth process is spontaneous recovery which is when the conditioned response re-emerges after extinction has occurred (Comer, et al, 2013). The fifth process is stimulus generalisation which occurs when the response is elicited by more than one similar stimuli (Davey, 1992). The sixth process is stimulus discrimination which is when the same response is not elicited by two conditioned stimuli (Davey, 1992). The seventh and final process is higher-order conditioning which can be intentional or unintentional and occurs when a conditioned response occurs to more than one stimulus (Davey,

Explain the initial pairing of the banging bar and the rat in terms of learning through classical conditioning.

This is known as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Meat is the unconditioned stimulus because at the sight of the meat the dogs begin to salivate (Feldman, 2010).   The dog’s response to the meat educes salivation and is known as the unconditioned response (UCR). An unconditioned response is defined as a reflexive and natural response that is not connected to prior learning. Unconditioned responses always occur in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (Feldman, 2010).   While conditioning the dogs, Pavlov would ring a bell right before the presentation of meat. Eventually, the dogs would associate the ringing of the bell with the meat. Therefore, the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the bell. At this point, Pavlov could state that he had classically conditioned his dogs. The bell which was a prior neutral stimulus had now become the conditioned stimulus (CS) that brought forth the conditioned response (CR) of salivation (Feldman, 2010). Moreover, we have to ask what would happen if these poor dogs were never again received food upon the ringing of the bell. This would lead to extinction. Extinction occurs when a prior conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears (Feldman, 2010).   In order for Pavlov to unconditioned his dogs he would have to break their association with the sound of the ringing bell and the presentation of food. To do so he

Classical conditioning is the theory that involves a subject learning a new behavior by the process of association. A naturally occuring stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) is paired with a response (the unconditioned response). Then, a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus produces the initial response of the unconditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus being present. The response, therefore, becomes the conditioned response. This study had a major influence on the psychological study of behaviorism. “Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment” (Cherry 1). Classical conditioning

There was a lot of interesting information about learning that I did not know about. What I find most interesting in chapter 5 is classical conditioning. And what is has to do with fear .According to the book, classical conditioning is defined as a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. I found out that this is the reason why many people have phobias and fears. For example, my aunt has a fear of dogs because when she was younger she got attacked by one. So my aunt developed a fear for dogs due to her bad experience. We learn our fears through classical learning just find that so interesting that we learn our own fears.

This is called the unconditioned stimulus because it is a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response. The conditioned response in this situation would be the child becoming hungry after smelling the food that is the conditioned response.

The process of classical conditioning follows the procedure from Pavlov’s salivation experiment. Before conditioning, when a bowl of dog food is presented the dog would “naturally” salivate at the mouth “in response to food”. Because this response occurs “automatically” and “prior training” isn’t required for hunger, this reaction is called an unconditioned response (UCR) which “is the response that is naturally elicited by the [UCS]” (Powell et al., 2013, pp. 112-115). When referring to a natural response--one is referring to an elicited reaction that is characterized as “an unlearned or innate reaction to [a] stimulus” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 115). Furthermore, the dog food is considered an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which “is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 115). According to Pavlov’s experiment, when a bell chimes without the presentation of dog food, the dog will not instinctually salivate (Powell et al., 2013, p. 112). Since the bell didn’t initially “elicit salivation” naturally, it’s called a neutral stimulus (NS) (Powell et al., 2013, p. 112). However, through conditioning, as the bell tone pairs with dog food continuously, the dog begins to salivate. Finally, after the conditioning process is completed, the pairing of “food” and the bell “now elicits salivation” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 112). Since the dog’s salivation required some type of continual prompting or, “prior training”, it’s reaction is considered a conditioned response (CR) “and the [bell]” is the conditioned stimulus (CS). By definition, a conditioned stimulus “is any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus” (Powell et al., 2013, p. 115). Responses triggered by a

1) The basic process of classical conditioning deals with behaviors that elicited automatically by some stimulus. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unlearned natural stimulus that automatically elicits a reflexive response. If the two stimuli are repeated paired, eventually the neutral stimulus elicits the same basic reflexive response as the natural stimulus---even in the absence of the natural stimuli. Consider this example, every day at 1:45pm class is dismissed by the teacher. After sometime there is bell system installed.

One limitation of Classical Conditioning is that when a behaviour stops being performed, it is very easy for these connections to be lost. This is known an extinction. In the example of Pavlov’s dogs, if the conditioned stimulus, the bell, is presented often enough without the unconditioned stimulus, the meat, the