Classical and Contemporary Management

4. Briefly describe the elements of the formal and the informal organization. Give examples of each.

Thus, if employees are treated in a Theory X manner, they will become lazy. If they

After reading this book, I realized that I already use a lot of the things that Focazio focuses on. I decided I would use this assignment to reveal what I do when I’m not being a fulltime student. Since I can remember, I was raised to be a super hero. I was raised in a life where magic wasn’t a myth and extraordinary powers were a common everyday thing. I decided to go through things in the book I liked a lot and relate them to things I’ve learned from becoming the hero that I am today. I’ll begin with Focazio’s first of the three keys to unlock the problem of job dissatisfaction. You have to have fun to become successful. Being a superhero isn’t all the hype it’s made up to be. There is a lot of hard work that goes into training

A proactive approach to addressing and monitoring this issue through every facet of an operation will provide a positive and productive workforce. The negative impact can be a devastating proposition, regardless of it being known or unknown within a workplace setting. The fines, scrutiny, public opinion, individual liability issues, lengthy litigation process can be detrimental to companies.

forces employees to focus even more on their self-interest. Now when presented with work, they

* Classical- which assumes most employees are lazy and dislike work but can be convinced in order to satisfy their economic needs.

The fundamental of orthodox management literature is concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of an organisation. It copes with several problems such as the classical and human relations theory, motivation and leadership. It also assumes that employees are a key asset as well as the society has moved to a Post-Fordism and post-bureaucratic approach. However, orthodox management is only concerned with how the organisation is behaving instead of why the business is conducting in a certain way. Another limitation is that the theory is merely a group of people’s idea so it is always contestable. In this essay, I will describe how the conventional management theory apply to today’s organisations; demonstrate the reality of work through

Theory X and Theory Y, developed by Douglas McGregor, grew out of opposition towards classical management methods. Classical management theorists, such as Fredrick Taylor, focused on scientific training and efficiency and did not account for personal and behavioral issues, such as management styles or job satisfaction. McGregor saw these deficiencies in the classical school of management which lead him to develop a theory of management that would factor the importance of the individual worker. If a manager could tap into the feelings and attitudes of their workers, then the manager would be able increase their employee’s motivation which would then increase production. McGregor’s theory viewed the employee as a person and not as a machine

But I'm coming to believe that all of us are ghosts .... It's not just what we inherit from our mothers or fathers. It's also the shadows of dead ideas and opinions and convictions. They're no longer alive, but they grip us all the same, and hold on to us against our will.

Sociotechnical Systems Theory, Quantitative Management, Organizational Behavior, and Systems Theory are The Four Contemporary Approaches to Management.

He assumes that everyone will comply with what their boss told them, which seems that he treate human as machines and neglect their mentality, material needs and many other complicated requirements. These are some of his theory’s disadvantages.

McGregor (1960a) assumed workers refer to Theory X are lazy, hate to work, responsibility aversion and more concern about lower levels of human needs rather than pursuing self-achievement. McGregor (1960a) suggests that managers should supervise and control the workers in order to adjust their behaviour and neutralise heir negative attitudes toward work, even punish and push them to achieve a minimal level of performance. Punishment is necessary because of the nature of inherently lazy. Managers would find encouraging them to perform better by reward maybe only valid in a short-term as lazy workers eventually submit adequate effort as they do not pursuit self-actualisation (McGregor 1960a). in a word, managers centralise the decision making power, set rules, SOPs and procedures to guide workers what they should process and monitor the process in order to safeguard the minimal requirement of performance is achieved

c. Thus the workers were urged to surpass their previous performance standards to earn more pay .Taylor called his plane the differential rate system.

Management in business is the coordination of people to accomplish set goals efficiently and effectively. It comprises of planning, organising, staffing, leading, and controlling an organisation. Management itself is also an academic discipline, a social science whose object of study is social organisation in order to accomplish a mutual goal.

The definition of ‘management’ is controversial and subject to much debate. There have been many contradictory views on what the term ‘management’ means and accordingly how one should correctly manage an organisation. These theories have been put forward by several highly regarded management scholars over time. By taking into account past knowledge and contemporary views on management, we are able to ‘’explore how thinking has changed through time’’. (Brooks, 2006). Moreover, businesses have, and can continue to be able to adapt these theories and put them into practice. Successfully applying correct management practices is especially vital in a global business environment which is becoming very competitive. ‘’Most management theories, even those that do not resonate comfortably with the prevailing mood, have attractive and valid elements to them.’’ (Robinson, 2005). For example, some of these theories can be seen flourishing in fast food chains like McDonalds.