Classification Manual For Voice Disorders

The article I have chosen is titled Speech-Language Pathologist In Schools For The deaf. This article analyzes a survey taken of speech-language pathologist in schools for the hard of hearing across the United States. It talks about their caseload size, characteristics, delivery of service, and scope of practice. The results of this survey are compared to previous surveys taken in large and small school settings.

Currently, there is an increased demand for Speech-language Pathologist’ who are able to provide effective therapy to the diverse multicultural population. To work effectively within the multicultural setting, a speech-language pathologist should be prepared to offer services and work with individuals from a variety of different backgrounds. The individuals within the population of people who seek/need speech therapy speak different languages and dialects, are of different races, cultures, and socioeconomic status. However, when working with distinctive individuals there are both benefits and challenges.

Speaking in an incorrect pitch, volume, or with poor placement may be even more damaging to the larynx than singing because people speak more than they sing. In most cases, the problems include speaking in a pitch that is focused in the throat. While serious problems in this area are best resolved with the help of a licensed voice therapist, the singer can make some changes based on experience with their preferred placement when singing. Misconceptions include the idea that speaking very softly or whispering will help save voice. People who speak softly do so by blowing breath through the tone stopping the glottis from closing completely. Since the glottis' function is to close, it may compensate with a time of no closure by creating an edema or swelling to fill up the empty space (Greschner, 2017). Therefore, the singer who thinks they are protecting or reserving the voice may be creating a bigger problem threatening their vocal health. In addition, whispering is often focused in the throat. This may be particularly true when speaking on the phone or in situations they may not want to be overheard. In such cases it may be necessary to raise the volume of the speaking voice in order to raise the focus or

al., et 2009). The model allowed them to uncover that a partially incomplete dorsal vocal fold adduction is a first condition for causing an hourglass type movement. A limited collision zone is only possible with minimum curving of the rest position of the vocal fold edges in their ventral portion. This Characteristic is most familiar with the adult female larynx when muscular exhaustion and resulting hypotonia (state of low muscle tone) appear to increase this curving. The sufficient vibration amplitude enabled the researchers to achieve a localized impact, which was signs of the previously mentioned conditions. The documentation of an increased subglottal pressure and by a decrease in an active stress of the tension strength between the symmetric vocalis masses (Vocal fold nodules). The study also revealed teat muscular tension imbalance and behavioral aspects in the modeling procedure indicating a decrease in active stress is a possible effect of enervation, and growth in subglottal pressure a result of effort compensation (Phillippe H. al., et 2009).

An interview was conducted in which the client’s mother stated that she feels that Tommy’s voice quality is becoming progressively worse. Tommy has also begun to perceive the difference compared to his peers. He stated, “I sound different from all of my friends at school. They say ‘Tommy, what’s wrong with you? Why do you sound like that?’” In response to his friends’ inquisitiveness about his voice, Mrs. Callahan stated that Tommy is becoming less talkative. During the interview, a connected speech sample was taken whereby Tommy was asked to read the Limpy standard reading passage aloud. Low pitch and hoarseness were evident during the

CAPE-V is an auditory method of evaluating voice quality. The CAPE-V was created to provide a consistent scale and consistent parameters for professionals evaluating the voice while also allowing clinicians to identity differences among a client’s voice (Nagle, 2016, 47). Clinicians determine if a person has a voice disorder or if a person has a normal voice. Six voice qualities are specifically examined when a CAPE-V is used; however, the evaluation includes blank lines to allow a clinician to write additional voice features he or she perceives that are not originally listed on the CAPE-V form. Qualities examined by a professional utilizing a CAPE-V are overall severity, roughness, breathiness, pitch, and loudness. A tick mark is placed on a visual analog scale to denote the severity of each vocal quality; the left portion of the scale signifies a normal vocal quality, while the right portion of the scale represents an extreme deviance in voice parameters. The assessment requires the client sustain vowels /a/ and /i/, read six sentences, and speak in a conversational manner to the statement, “Tell me about your voice.” Prolonged vowels enable a clinical to hear a client’s voice with no articulatory influences, speaking the sentences permits a professional to evaluate specific voice qualities, and conversational speech allows a clinician to further assess a client’s voice for abnormalities (Kempster et al., 2009, pp. 126-127). Clinicians agree that

Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) is a voice disorder due to central motor processing abnormalities which result in decreased control of the laryngeal muscles (Blitzer, 2010). The idiopathic disorder is characterized by involuntary spasms of the laryngeal muscles controlling vocal fold adduction (National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association, 2012). The dysphonic characteristics presented by patients with ADSD are described as strained, strangled, and effortful due to irregular adductions of the vocal folds and the occlusion of air through the vocal tract during phonation(Blitzer,2010; Cannito, Doiuchi, Murry &Woodson, 2012). Patients with muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) present with similar perceptual vocal characteristics however, treatment for the two disorders is quite different. Speech-language pathologists often have difficulty diagnosing and distinguishing between ADSD, a neurological disorder, and MTD, a functional voice disorder (Rees et al., 2007). Correct diagnosis is important and objective measures, such as spectral analysis, are more sufficient in distinguishing the two disorders(Rees et al., 2007).

Speech Language Pathologist was not my first choice for a career path but my decision came after analyzing many factors in my life. Given that I was not longer able to fulfill m y dream of becoming a Pediatrician I had to venture on what other options were available. But one thing that was for sure was that it had to be within the medical field. On the condition that any career in the medical field involves caring for someone I can say that is why if decided to become a Speech Language Pathologist. Not only do I care for others but I also want to help them achieve healing or progress. Another major factor that aid me to choose this career path was that working in hospitals and clinics will expose my husband. Let me elaborate on that, mu husband

• Voice therapy. This includes resting your voice and working with a speech therapist. The speech therapist can show you how to use your voice more safely.

A speech language pathologist is transcendent; their ability to explore options, in addition to, providing an optimal form of communication, speaks volumes about the depths they go for patients. The idea of barriers impeding our form of communication, and impacting our everyday ventures, is a difficult concept to grasp. Thoughts gain meaning when they transcend into words; despite the communication platform, everyone deserves to have a voice and be heard. For this reason, I choose to be a part of a field where you impact a patient’s communication in a positive manner, it is what I aspire to do with future patients. Ultimately, I seek admittance to the communication sciences and disorders graduate program at Texas A&M Kingsville.

My goal is to become a Speech Pathologist because my passion to help others. For several years, my mother has fostered and cared for Medically-fragile adults and kids it saddens me that children or anyone have to endure these different diseases but I'm excited that there are programs that cater to their every type of need. One of these fields that cater to the different diseases are Speech-Pathology. It's not just for helping or teaching to speak it also includes language and swallowing disorders, investigating behavioral patterns associated with communication disorders, and more. I chose this field because I see myself being happy while doing it. I am a very hard and dedicated worker I love to give back and to take care of people. With this

After listening to this individual’s voice, one could infer that this individual has an overall severe voice problem. I determined this because of voices I have heard on a daily basis. This individual’s voice seemed very rough and there was a lot of strain. This individual’s sounded exhausted and forced when they tried to produce

Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) is the complete immobility of one vocal fold. According to Sapienza and Ruddy (2013), “90% of vocal fold paralysis that occurs is unilateral and caused by damage to the peripheral nervous system” (p. 189). Vocal fold paralysis is typically considered a symptom of a disease or neurologic disruption. In one study, it was found that vocal fold paralysis was caused by surgical trauma, tumors or neoplasms, unknown or idiopathic factors, trauma, central nervous system dysfunction, radiation, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and other causes (Chen, Jen, Wang, Lee, & Lin, 2007). Symptoms of unilateral vocal fold paralysis may include: aphonia, abnormal vocal quality (breathy, hoarse, and/or strained), and dysphagia. Onset of UVFP may be life altering as the individual has to find compensatory strategies for voicing or even alternative methods of communication. The individual is also left susceptible to aspiration due to the lack of airway protection. These factors make it critical to diagnose the impairment so as to provide the appropriate treatment.

Muscle tension dysphonia is perceptually characterized by a harsh-hoarse-shrill vocal quality and can range in severity from mild to severe (Dworkin, Meleca, & Abkarian, 2000). Unlike other dysphonias, muscle tension dysphonia is not caused by pathology of the vocal folds, but hyperfunction of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx. The hyperfunction of these muscles is often a manifestation of psychological stressors, since these muscles appear to be highly responsive to emotional triggers. Causal relationships have been determined between muscle tension dysphonia and involved emotional, psychological, and social histories. Muscle tension dysphonia may also occur secondary to an underlying vocal fold pathology. Subsidiary muscle

There are many treatment methods that are used to target increasing vocal loudness and amplitude, particularly in individuals with Parkinson’s Disease. The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) “is an intensive, 1-month speech therapy regimen that trains dysarthric individuals with Parkinson’s Disease to speak in a louder voice while self-monitoring the effort it takes to produce such a voice” (Sapir, Spielman, Ramig, Story, & Fox, 2007). The treatment focus is to improve the individual's voice quality and vocal function. Although the treatment program is aimed for individuals with Parkinson’s Disease, research has been done on individuals with hypomimia, traumatic brain injury, strokes, Dysarthria, Velopharyngeal