Classification Of Chronic Persistent Pain

The most widely used clinical classifications for pain are based on the inferred neurophysiologic mechanisms, temporal aspects, etiology, and region affected. Usually described as nociceptive or non-nociceptive, and by duration, either acute or chronic.

The perception of pain and the emotions that control intensity differ in individuals. Since feeling pain is somewhat adaptive, when one experiences it, he or she becomes aware of an injury and tries to remove oneself from the source that caused the injury. For this reason, pain is considered neuropathic or inflammatory in nature. Thus, when pain is the outcome from the damage caused to the neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system, then that pain is neuropathic. However, if the pain signals any kind of tissue damage, then the pain is inflammatory in nature. Due to various types of pain, the interpretation of pain by neurons and the source of that pain

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and fatigue. It affects approximately 2% of the population, and is more common in women than in men. Central nervous system sensitization affects the entire body, leading to many secondary symptoms. This paper will cover the history, symptoms, and causes of FMS as well as known treatments and exercise prescription for the syndrome.

Pain can be categorized as acute or chronic pain. Chronic pain is described as pain that is both long-term and continuous, or is pain that persists after the expected healing time following an injury (British Pain Society, n.d.) Acute pain can provide a warning signal that an illness or injury has occurred. It is defined as pain that lasts less than three months and lessens with healing (Briggs, 2010). Acute pain can then be described in more detail by the following categories; somatic, visceral and neuropathic pain. Somatic pain is a localized pain described as sharp, burning, dull, aching or cramping. It is seen with incisional pain and orthopedic injuries or procedures. Visceral pain refers to an injury to the organs and linings of the body cavities. It produces diffuse pain and can be described as splitting, sharp or stabbing. This is pain that be described from patients with appendicitis, pancreatitis or intestinal injuries and illnesses. Injuries to the nerve fibers, spinal cord and central nervous system cause neuropathic pain. This pain can be described as shooting, burning, fiery, sharp, and as a painful numbness. This can be seen after an

Chronic pain has four mechanisms. Nociception is a neural signal of threatened or damaged tissue, and is the classical pain pathway. Central pain states are thought to be caused by abnormal activity in neurons in the afferent pathway. The mechanism for this is not completely understood, and a person may perceive pain where there is no tissue damage. Behavioral pain is communicated by a

The cause of pain can be puzzling and is not always related to specific pathology (Croft et al.,

Fibromyalgia was initially thought to be a musculoskeletal syndrome since maximum of the pain was felt in the muscles and other soft tissue. However, recent studies and research have shown that fibromyalgia is a central nervous system ailment which causes uncharacteristic pain processing and leads in pain amplification. The three chief symptoms that are common to virtually everybody who struggles with fibromyalgia are pain, tiredness and sleep disorders.

Sean Mackey is a M.D, Ph.D, the current Chief of the Division of Pain Medicine, as well as a Redlich professor in several pain and brain related sciences at Stanford. Doctor Mackey leads the research at the Stanford Systems Neuroscience and Pain Laboratory focusing on the dissecting chronic pain and how it effects the nervous system. The SNAPL has also attempted to map out the brain and regions in the spinal cord that understand pain in order to treat these occurrences of chronic pain on a personal level (Stanford Medicine Bio). In order to solve these problems he is mainly explores the effects of different injected drugs, such as Lidocaine, Ondansetron, and Botulinum Toxin, for ameliorating effects or help in linking how different responders

The stimulation of the DRG appeared in 2011 as an interesting new option in neuromodulation armamentarium for chronic neuropathic pain. Even though clinical results addressing stimulation of the DRG have already been published and have been able to show encouraging clinical

Transient receptor potential (TRP) are ligand-gated controlled ion channels that function in the process of nociception where transmission pain signals by nociceptors are carried as impulses from the sensory nerves to the central nervous system through afferent neurons (Dai 2016; Marwaha et al., 2016). Nociceptors, also called noxious stimulus detectors, are pain sensory receptors made up of myelinated and unmyelinated neuron fibers that relay action potentials to the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), which are interpreted as pain (Woolf et al., 2007). Transient receptor potentials detect chemical or physical stimuli that trigger nociceptor activation that result in pain perception (Marwaha et al., 2016). The TRP channels control physiological perception of temperature, taste, pheromones and painful mechanical sensory inputs, which is accomplished through six different TRPs (TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8, and TRPA1) (Dai 2016; Marwaha et al., 2016). Interestingly, all six TRP channels of the three TRP family types are expressed in afferent pain sensing nociceptors (Dai 2016; Marwaha et al., 2016). This suggests that all six of the TRP channels are involved in pain perception. The afferent nociceptors are hyper-activated in diseases including neuropathic pain and peripheral inflammation. Recent findings suggest that TRP channels function in a critical position with the association of these diseases. Researchers are exploring novel

What is happening during a painful experience? Two classes of pain have been delineated: nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. The latter division involves only direct injury to nerves in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Tissues containing specialized sensory receptors, called nociceptors, are activated by noxious stimuli and have been discovered to exist in almost all multicellular animals on Earth, as well as in some bacteria (2). Nociceptors are most abundant in superficial areas of the skin, joint capsules, inside the periostea of bones, and around vessel walls (3).

These pains are shoulder pains due to pathology on the apical lung, pains on the neck due to parotid pathology, lower back pains due to kidney stones. There are other pains not related to work activities which cause CMP. These are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis .

Pain is something that connects all of us. From birth to death we can identify with each other the idea and arguably the perception of it. We all know we experience it, but what is more important is how we all perceive it. It is known that there are people out there with a ‘high’ pain tolerance and there are also ones out there with a ‘low’ pain tolerance, but what is different between them? We also know that pain is an objective response to certain stimuli, there are neurons that sense and feel pain and there are nerve impulses that send these “painful” messages to the brain. What we don’t know is where the pain

Based on the duration of persistence, pain is often divided into two broad categories as mentioned below.

Chronic pain is defined as a pain that doesn’t go away for a long time. The pain can last for weeks, more than 3 months, years, and might make someone feel hopeless. Chronic pain does not relief with regular pain medication. It is important to address chronic pain because is physically and psychologically stressful. Its persistent discomfort can lead to irritation and frustration with the person’s self and with other people. Pain affects not only mental health but interfere also with someone’s sleep pattern.