Chapter 2
LITERATURE VIEW
2.1 Climate Change and C Cycle
Global warming is becoming a critical environmental threat of society due to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, resulting in efforts to either eliminate the emissions or to improve the carbon storage. Hence, C cycle has been considered as a major role in remediation and causing of the global climate change (Noble, 2001).
Schlesinger (1995) reported on C distribution and circulation among four major pools: oceans, soils, atmosphere and plants (Figure 2-1). Currently data show that oceans are the largest C reservoirs (38,000 Pg), follows by soils, 3,200 (1,500 as SOC), atmosphere, 750 Pg and terrestrial plants is the smallest C pool with 560 Pg C stored (Post et al., 1990; Lal et al.,
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The potential of global soil C sequestration is shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. Global soil C sequestration potential estimation
Soil Soil C Sequestration potential Reference
Pg C yr-1 ?
Permanent pasture 1.87 Conant et al., 2001
Desertification control 1.00 Squires et al., 1995
World cropland 0.43~0.57 Lal and Bruce, 1999
Tropics soils 0.28~0.54 Lal, 2002
The world?s degraded soils (1216 Mha) and agricultural soils (4961 Mha) both have high potential for C sequestration. Historical data shows that there were 40 Pg of SOC lost in these soils. Considering these soils have capability to sequester C, it is important to realized that the there is a way to reverse the SOC depletion process. Based on Table 2.1, the total potential of soil C sequestration is around 0.6 to 1.2 Pg C/ year, in which the world cropland could sequester C at the rate of 0.4 to 0.6 Pg C/ year (Lal, 2000) and the desertification control has the C sequestration potential around 0.2 to 0.6 Pg C/year. Conant et al., (2001) pointed out that the grassland also has relative high potential of C sequestration, which can be included in desertification control. These data implies that with 50 years accumulative sink (30-60
The Carbon Cycle is a process necessary to all life forms as carbon is used for photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and is found in all living organisms. This process occurs naturally from cellular respiration, decomposition, and volcanic eruptions. However from burning fossil fuels and cutting down trees at a rapid pace carbon dioxide is being released into the atmosphere at an artificial rate. The overabundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide is causing for global warming. This global warming is causing extreme havoc to the Earth and all of its life forms. However this damage, although cannot be reversed, can be changed for the better.
When trees are burned, CO2 is relinquished. The burning of astronomically immense areas of trees is known as deforestation. Human activities integrate more CO2 into the atmosphere through activities like the burning of fossil fuels. The guiding question of this investigation is, “Which carbon cycle process affects atmospheric carbon the most?” The researchers initially wanted to learn 2 things. First, the researchers wanted to learn how much carbon engenderment there would be if they incremented the amount of fossil fuels burnt by a certain amount. The researchers also wanted to learn how much carbon engenderment there would be if they incremented the amount of deforestation.
How does this agree with your findings in tasks 2-4? Which reservoir and sources of carbon do scientists identify as the cause of this long term trend?
PHS is in the implementing phase of principle 2.6. Inquiry, problem-solving, and higher order thinking skills require learners to engage in questioning and analysis through activities that prioritize deep understanding, creativity, making connections, understanding relationships, and dispositions such as independence, flexible thinking, and persistence and assessment experiences that are cognitively challenging and require learners to develop and exercise a full-range of thinking skills and learning dispositions.
The release of carbon, however, was released in four phases. First, there was a large release of carbon over the initial 10 years, then it slowed down the next seven years, after the seven years, the emissions resumed, until stopping again recently. The author ends the article hinting that some sort of feedback loop is happening that favors certain organisms that consume carbon in the soil.
Human activity has altered the global carbon cycle in multiple ways. One of the most impactful ways that the carbon cycle has been impacted is thru the use of fuels has added an abundant amount of carbon dioxide to the world. This is a major concern because this is dangerous to human life, but it adds to global warning.
Carbon Dioxide impacts global climate because it is emitted into the atmosphere, and traps heat inside of Earth, which is causing Earth to become warmer. Over time, Carbon dioxide levels have risen. In December of 2005, the Carbon dioxide level was at 380.75 ppm (parts per million), and in November of 2011, the Carbon dioxide level was at 392.41 ppm. This year, in March of 2018, the Carbon dioxide level was at 407.96 ppm, so they have risen a lot since 2005. Carbon dioxide is related to the Greenhouse Effect, because it is released into the air through human activities, and then it stays in Earth’s atmosphere, and settles in. After settling in, it acts like a blanket, so when heat tries to escape, the Carbon dioxide traps it in, which is how
3. One management practice that can help to reduce the impact of cultivation on soil carbon on the Hotchkiss farm is the use of no-till farming. When no-till farming is used, the amount of water that infiltrates into the soil is increased and therefore organic matter retention is increased. No-till farming can help to sequester carbon via the storage of soil organic matter in the field’s soil. Since there is no tilling, the soil organic matter is not being broken down as quickly and therefore carbon is not being lost from the soil as
In America, we are starting to experience what I call the Climate Crisis and the big question is, do Americans seek to decrease our carbon emissions? Or do we spend the money to mitigate the long-term effects of Climate Change?
The earth can be viewed as a series of carbon pools of different sizes and fluxes of different rates. These transfers of carbon have both created the opportunity for evolution and been modified by the biological complexity that evolution has produced.
The Positive and Negative Effects of Biogeochemical Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Capture/Storage on the Atmosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere
Climate change, on the other hand, examines the shift in temperature, wind and precipitation over several decades (EPA, 2015). Greenhouse gases have a major impact on climate change because they are responsible for reflecting the heat back that is released from the earth’s surface. The heat is responsible for the shift in temperature, precipitation and wind patterns experienced on a global scale (EPA, 2015). The earth’s surface temperature has increased by 0.74°C in the last century and the current data suggest that the rise in the temperature is due to an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere (Nuleas et al., 2013). An increase in greenhouse gases has results in significant changes in climate patterns.
The four cycles important to ecosystem are water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous. The Water cycle describes the movement of water on Earth through evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation. Carbon cycle is crucial for all organic living organisms. Carbon is produced by combustion of wood and burning of fossil fuels, which plants then take in; animals eat plants and exhale carbon dioxide, which is one-way carbon, is placed in the atmosphere. An additional source of carbon is the ocean floor absorbs carbon sediments and when they move a volcanic eruption occurs and releases carbon dioxide gas during an eruption as well as decomposition of plant and animals, which return carbon to sediments. After millions of years, these sediments create fossil fuel or oil which when burnt returns carbon to the atmosphere. Carbon is truly a co-dependent cycle. Photosynthesis removes carbon from the atmosphere and exhaling returns it to the atmosphere. Nitrogen cycle is a natural process where nitrogen passes through air to soil to organisms through a process of nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Nitrogen is important, as it is useful in the production of amino acids, protein, and nucleic acids. It is the most abundant. Phosphate is essential to cell membranes, human bones, teeth, and plant life. Phosphorous is minimally in the atmosphere as dust particles .Plants absorb phosphate thru the soil animals eat the plants and via decomposition or waste phosphate is
The world continuously faces a variety of threats every day, from natural disasters to terrorist, but one threat that society predominately contributes to all on their own, is climate change. There are many feasible explanations for the global threat of climate change. These explanations include but are not limited to, the act of deforestation to the rainforest and other trees, green house gas emissions, and sulfate aerosol, which cause poor air quality.
Agroforestry systems also have indirect effects on carbon sequestration levels, for example they help to lower the pressure on naturally degraded forests which are the largest terrestrial carbon sinks. Unfortunately, most carbon sequestration potential estimates are only theoretical and very little field measurements have been conducted to substantiate these theories (Murthy et al., 2013). The unavoidable variability in these estimates and the lack of consistent methodologies to measure carbon sequestration has made comparisons difficult to perform and not particularly precise (Murthy et al., 2013). However, there are few complete studies of specific examples of agroforestry systems which have proved the potential for carbon sequestration.