Climatic Changes And Global Warming

Forty percent of the earth’s land cover is classified as either arid or semi-arid environment (Clark Davis & Kay 1983), in which, billions of people mainly from developing countries, live and work. Many of the arid zone environment is classified as to dry to grow crops (Creswell & Martin 1998). Still, crops like sorghum, millets (CONSORTIUM 2011) and cashes (Creswell & Martin 1998) are grown with reasonable success, as the plants or farmers have been able to adapt to the dry environment (Creswell & Martin 1998).

Agriculture is one of key industries in both sub-Saharan Africa and Australia. In the recent few decades, agricultural production is under serious threat from severe drought, and the drought has triggered a series of chain-reactions involving important economic and social issues. To cope with various challenges, sub-Saharan Africa and Australia have already taken multiple approaches.

Today’s world is facing many challenges given the growing concerns and current repercussions of environmental climate change and demands of a growing global population. Not only is climate change effecting the worlds ecosystems, human health and fresh water resources, it is drastically effecting the worlds agriculture. Unpredictable weather such, as rising temperatures, colder temperatures, excessive flooding, and droughts are just a few of the increasing weather instabilities, which are challenging and threatening today’s agriculture growth and production. As such, crop yields continue to decline and present a risk to future food security. As a world, we are facing an adaptation deficit leaving us very vulnerable and thus, we must seek to

East Africa has many main crops, but for the drier sections of East Africa, the cropping system is bent around millet. In the more humid districts, main crops are maize and cassava. Coffee, tea, tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton are the crops that produce the most money. Because of the lack of irrigation, East Africa’s crops are very vulnerable to unpredictable weather and external shocks. Water availability is one factor that limits as to how many crops it can produce a year. A project is currently going on to accelerate irrigation development in the more humid regions and rain-fed crops, so people who live in those regions can have their water and food.

In the face of climate change Sub-Saharan Africa is confronted by two main challenges of food security and water availability for human and agricultural use. These challenges are projected to increase in the coming years compounded by extreme droughts and extreme flooding in some areas. Rain-fed agriculture is the main livelihood for a majority of small scale farmers in SSA. Their main farming systems focus on the “ major crops”(maize, wheat, rice and beans) However, strategies to cultivate these crops in the region are no longer sustainable due to reliability on finite resources, high input load and vulnerability to climate change. A key alternative strategy to adapt to a changing climate is the development and promotion of Orphan crop species

1. Agriculture as a key industry in sub-Saharan Africa and Australia is under threat from severe drought, and drought triggers a series of chain-reactions.

The Sahel is an area in Africa which suffers droughts and it is hard to grow crops due to the hot climate. Seasonal shifts there lead to decreased rainfall and the drought tolerant maize helps farmers adapt to climate change.

Over half of Chad’s population lives in poverty. This is partly a result of the harsh geographical location and conditions. Chad is mainly desert and considering it is still a developing country that relies largely on farming and herding, this has a significant impact. Droughts also impact Chad’s already poor growing conditions. Recently, Chad’s unpredictable rainfalls, locust infections and constant overuse has led to soil erosion and land degradation. Farmers

Crops are primary food for human. However, the soil and water is the basis condition for farmer plants crops. There is a figure shows us that‘About 40

Arid and semiarid regions are seriously lacking in fresh water. Water shortages in these regions have become the basic norm rather than the exception. Most importantly, the situation of water shortage is growing worse due to abrupt climatic changes and continuous population growth. All of these factors will decrease the amount of water allocated to the agricultural sector, which consumes about 75% of the available water supply. Therefore, as the water supply for agronomic purposes becomes insufficient, development of new germplasms with higher yield potential becomes more imperative and it will be one of the major adaptation strategies to sustain crop productions under arid and semiarid conditions. In order to improve the germplasms for these conditions, it is essential to evaluate a large number of genotypes using multiple selection criteria. Several morpho-physiological traits, particularly those related to crop processes, yield characteristics, and drought-tolerance mechanisms such as relative water content, canopy water content, SPAD value and normalized relative canopy temperature are usually effective as useful complementary selection criteria for screening germplasms under different environmental conditions (Chen et al., 2012; Elsayed et al., 2015). Direct measurements of those traits by traditional methods are destructive and time-consuming and some of them are difficult to do when a large number of genotypes need to be evaluated across different

This paper will analyze the affects that are harming the agricultural system in Kenya, Africa. There are numerous problems that could be taken into account for the lack of production in Kenya 's agricultural system. This paper will highlight four main issues that harm the development of Kenya 's agricultural system. These four main problems are leading factors that destroys the growth of crops and the success of harvest seasons. The first main point that will be analyzed in this paper is climate change which is the leading cause of bad crop seasons in Kenya. The next variable to be analyzed is the lack of infrastructure in Kenya’s geographical makeup. The third variable to be analyzed on the failure of Kenya 's agricultural system is pesticides and disease. The finally elements that leads to the harm on crop production in Kenya is soil nutrient deterioration. These are just a few of the cause that harms the development of Kenya Africa’s agricultural system.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia as botanical name in the family of Cucurbitaceae) is a widely popular vegetable grown extensively in several parts of India and in countries like Africa, China, Caribean and Southeast asian regions(Cefalu et al,2008) and (Cousens, 2008).Bitter gourd is a herbaceous climbing annual with ridged stems that grows up to 5 metre long. The plant usually grows on trellis 180 cm in height and has a hairy stem with numerous branches and dense foliage. The main varieties of bitter gourd grown in India are Arka Harit, Priyanka, Pusa Do Mausmi, VK-1-Priya, Phule Green Gold, Priya, Preethi, Coimbatore Long, Phule Ujawala, Phule Priyanka and Pride of Gujarat. Priyanka is the widely cultivated variety in South Kerala (Balachandran, 2011). The average fruit yield varies from 8 to 10 t / ha (Baby joseph et al, 2013) and (Lee et al, 2009). Various plant diseases pose a great threat to the agricultural sector by reducing the life of

These climate change can have wide ranging, often unanticipated, effects on the environment and on socio- economic and development related sectors, including agriculture food security,

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tuberous root crop that serves as a source of carbohydrate for more than 800 million people worldwide and its cultivation is estimated to cover more than 18.9 million hectors (FAO, 2011). It is a vital source of food and income to resource poor farmers (especially women) in the tropics and staple food crop for nearly 200 million people in the sub-Saharan Africa (Liu et al., 2011; Nyaboga et al., 2013). In Tanzania, cassava ranks only second to maize and third to rice, with its calories contribution per day being 15 % (FAO 2009).

Precipitation patterns and temperature alterations will lead to decrease in crop produce in most sub-tropical and tropical regions thus impacting negatively on sectors of Agriculture . Consequently, its effect will cause hunger in developing countries. In the last decade, there has been damage as a result of severe climatic conditions