Clinical And Metabolic Characteristics Of The Studied Groups

Patients: N1 (female, age: 24, weight: 58kg); N2 (female, age: 26, weight: 65kg), N3 (female, age: 23, weight: 59kg), A3 (male, age: 29, weight: 99kg), C3 (male, age: 30, weight: 75kg), and A3 (female, age: 23, weight: 58kg). A colorimetric assay was employed to measure the levels of creatinine in serum and urine samples The measured creatinine concentration was anaylsed holistically by adjusting creatinine concentration by age, weight and gender, and hydration. Patient kidney function was measured by the glomerular filtration rate

Why do we treat diabetes? There are a number of downstream events associated with abnormal blood glucose levels. If glucose levels are managed properly, the complications associated diabetes can be controlled, and sometimes completely prevented. The main problem with having more than the normal amount of glucose circulating in the blood stream is the effect that excess glucose can have on both large and small blood vessels (DTC, 2004). Micro-vascular and macro-vascular problems associated with diabetes can be seen in the heart, eyes, kidney, legs and feet. Diabetic patients are twice as likely to suffer from a mycocardial infaraction, twenty-five times more likely to suffer blindness, and seventeen times more likely to suffer kidney failure compared to a non-diabetic (DTC, 2004). Because of great number of risks associated with abnormal blood glucose levels, diabetes is aggressively treated to improve the quality of life and prevent complications in patients.

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Causes of kidney disease are wide-ranging in number; however diabetes, high blood pressure, inherited disease, and infection remain to be the contenders of cause (Davidson, 2011). Acute kidney disease can be identified by anuria and oedema. CKD is often called a “silent” killer, because instead of a sign, that would render immediate evidence, CKD only provides symptoms that many don’t know to correlate to renal issues. The symptoms may also increase at the latter stages of the

Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that is found in a variety of age groups around the world. This disease is growing at a rapid rate and it is impacting the health of this generation and future generations to come. Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body’s ability to produce or respond to the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas. The insulin allows for the glucose to be effectively used as energy throughout the body. Diabetes causes carbohydrates to be abnormally digested, which can raise blood glucose levels. This means that the glucose is not being taken up by the cells that need it. The cells cannot take up the excess glucose that has accumulated in the blood, so it is excreted through the urine. This can lead to problems with the kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and eyes because high blood glucose can damage the blood vessels of these organs. This diseased is managed by adopting a diet low in fat and high in fiber, increasing physical activity, losing excess weight, and not smoking. If this

The proband’s family history consist of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes; especially the females within her maternal linage. Family histories where type 1 and type 2 diabetes co-occur happens often (Nogueira, 2013). Both types of diabetes are caused by a loss of physical or functional beta cell mass (Nogueira, 2013). Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is due to an autoimmune process and type 2 diabetes (T2D)

This article goes in detail about the complications of Type 2 Diabetes, on how hyperglycemia damages the vascular system leading to microvascular disease and macrovascular disease. The complications of microvascular disease are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. On the other hand, with macrovascular disease includes Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), such as Atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the article gives recommendations of treating Type 2 Diabetes and the prevention of its health related complications with medication, screening, diet, and exercise.

Chronic elevated glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) with disturbances metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate resulting from disorder in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. (1) Expected to increase diabetic patients by 2025 to approximately 300 million people in the worldwide (2) In ancient times it was difficult to identify diabetes as the ability of patients to heal weak, the researchers think the diabetes resulting from defect in the bladder and kidneys are the cause of diabetes. (6)

The authors thoroughly discussion the reason for each laboratory test. In additional to the threaded discussion there are many signs and symptoms, many of which go unnoticed until the disease is in the late stages. Mr. Bobo is a diabetic which seems uncontrolled so focusing on education is of importance. Education has been identified as a significant factor in the effective control of blood glucose levels. Education is import to emphasize to the patient the importance of close monitoring and management as diabetes can become a chronic disease with multiple health issues and a poor quality of life. Mr. Bobo will need to know the importance of making changes to their lifestyle in regards to nutrition, diet, and weight control. Casto, Cherry, Ellerbee, Gatlin, and Young thoroughly discussion long term complications such as eye complications, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Complications from diabetes can be quite serious to life threatening, including kidney damage, nerve damage, which cause numbness, pain or tingling sensations, amputation due to lack of circulation or secondary infection, and retina damage, an incurable condition that can lead to a total loss of

Diabetes is defined by the finding of a fasting glucose level higher than 7.0 mmol/L, or HbA1c level above 6.5% (Von & Widmann, 2014). According to the results, Mr B’s fasting glucose is 9.9 mmol/L and HbA1c is 7%, which indicates the presence of diabetes. Consider of his symptoms (polydipsia and polyuria), his unhealthy lifestyle (lack of exercise, skip breakfast, smoking, drinking, single type of lunch and too much takeaway food) and his age (47), he can be diagnosed as Type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease and affects the body’s metabolism of carbohydrates. There are varying types of diabetes but patients are predominantly diagnosed with type 1 or 2. Type 1 is an insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and type 2 is a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Patients are tested for diabetes by undergoing blood sugar tests or urinalysis. Typical symptoms are increased thirst, frequent urination, slowed healing, weight loss, excessive hunger, blurred vision and integument issues. Though this condition varies in severity, most patients can be treated with medications, by balancing their diets, and monitoring their blood sugar levels.

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus, commonly referred by the doctors are a group of metabolic diseases where the person suffers from very high blood glucose (blood sugar). This is because insulin production is not adequate or maybe because the cell’s of the body is not responding properly to insulin, or both. The patients that have high blood sugar experience polyuria, which is frequent urination and

CAUSES OF ALBUMINURIA High blood pressure, Congestive heart failure  Metabolic syndrome, or kidney damage from nephrotic syndrome ALBUMINURIA is seen in all forms of acute and chronic renal diseases GLUCOSE Glucose is found in the blood and is the main sugar that the body manufactures Glucosuria- The presence of glucose or blood sugar in urine is. It may indicate that the person has diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus -  condition in which the pancreas no longer produces  enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed int o  the cells of the body. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS  frequent urination increased thirst  increased hunger The treatment includes changes in diet, oral  medications, and in some cases, daily injecti ons of  insulin.

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.

It becomes really challenging to achieve normal glucose level in patients with diabetic & CKD. The development & progression of CKD result in