Clinical Assessment And Circumferential Treatment Of Breast Cancer

Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinoma starts in one of the milk ducts in the breast, spreads through the wall of the duct and into the fatty tissue of the breast. Once it has spread outside the duct it is possible to spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. Some signs and symptoms of invasive ductal carcinoma can include: a lump in the breast tissue or armpit area, redness, thickening, irritation or dimpling, breast pain and or swelling, and nipple changes and or discharge. (American Cancer Society, 2014., National Cancer

Breast cancer in males is quite common, yet still many people are unaware of this disease. Often, it can go undiagnosed until the cancer is in the fourth stage. Every year over 2,000 men will be diagnosed, but only 54% will survive. Cancer in men is often overlooked as it is almost 100 times less common in men than women. During a man’s entire lifespan, the risk of having a diagnosis is about one in one-thousand. The most common symptom of this devastating disease are a lump or some swelling. This can be around the breast tissue, nipple, under the arm, or even on the neck. Male breast cancer can spread to the lymph nodes underneath the arm or above the collarbone even before it is noticed on the breast. The lumps are usually painless but

Women who experience lymphedema after breast and lymph node removal often experience many physical and psychological struggles, that no one will quite understand unless you are the one living with the condition. More women are being diagnosed with breast cancer, or finding out they are carriers of the gene for breast cancer than ever before. Technology has allowed for earlier detection and better treatment options, with increasing survivor rates. As the survival numbers increase and more women are living with the aftermath of breast cancer treatment. Initial cancer treatment is not always life long, but the side effects to treatment can be. Women who experience lymphedema will likely experience a variety of emotional, physical, and psychological changes, some of theses changes are not able to be put in perspective until one researches it or experiences it for themselves.

Assessing metastatic involvement of the lymph nodes in breast cancer patients is important in planning surgical and adjuvant therapies. A trend toward breast-conserving therapies with the goal of improving quality of life for breast cancer patients has driven the need to accurately assess lymph nodal staging. The concept of a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a valuable tool in evaluating metastatic spread of primary breast tumors (Maaskant-Braat et al.,2012; Noushi et al., 2013). Tokin et al. (2012) describe how the process of tumor spread via the lymphatics occurs to the first draining lymph node, then to subsequent nodes within the same basin and beyond. Breast lymphoscintigraphy has emerged as a useful means of identifying the SLN, although many patient factors, choice of radiopharmaceutical, injection technique, and imaging protocol may affect the successful outcome. The ideal exam protocol would combine speed, accuracy, and sensitivity to identifying the SLN with the least amount of burden to the patient and resources involved (Povoski et al., 2006; Sadeghi et al., 2009; Tokin et al., 2012).

The development of regional lymph node recurrence is a rare event and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. It occurs more common in young women with large tumors (4). The rate of locoregional recurrence following mastectomy accounts for 9%, while it carries a 1-3% among early stage breast cancer. (17)

Pleural effusion in patients with lymphoma may be either due to actual pleural disease or reactive in nature (Fig.37). 18F-FDG

Lymphedema is a chronic condition that has a lifelong effect on cancer survivors’ quality of life. Many previous studies reported that increase of lymphedema was associated with decrease quality of life, particularly, physical functioning such as functioning in domestic environment in the long period of time [20, 21, 22]. A previous study by Kwan, Jackson, Weir, Dingee, McGregor, and Olivotto [23] showed that patients with lymphedema report an impaired quality of life, as compared to survivors without lymphedema. Additionally, lymphedema exacts tremendous physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and emotional cost on breast cancer survivors experiencing it [24, 25]. Although swelling or edema within the tissue is not in itself painful, the stretching of nerve fibers

Lymphedema, with the associated swelling and pain, is a significant problem in breast cancer survivors. As a result, nurses should understand this complex problem so that they can inform breast cancer patients of their lifelong risk of developing this complication [10]To reduce/prevent lymphedema, nurses should educate breast cancer survivors to follow self-care regimen for controlling symptoms and avoiding exacerbation, such as performing daily skin care; wearing gloves during activities to prevent skin breaks; preventing injury in the affected side; preventing muscle strain; and promoting lymph drainage (i.e. elevate the affected arm, engage in regular, light aerobic exercise daily, maintain optimal body weight and wear a well-fitted compression garment when traveling by air) [25].

Breast cancer is turning to be one of the top killer women in the world. This kind of cancerous tumor is attacking breast tissue of woman. A disease in which abnormal cells in the breast divide and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion. The cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to others part of the body and start to kill the organ one by one. By giving a breast cancer treatment will decrease the number of population who has this illness. Because so many different women have contracted breast cancer, many forms of treatment have been developed to attend to their specific needs. New research and development in the area of breast cancer allow Americans several

Sometimes, there can be a fault in someone’s lymphatic system. This can result in diseases such as lymphedema, lymphoma and autoimmune system. When the lymphatic system stops working efficiently, the possibility of getting an infection or a disease increases. In addition, the drainage of excess fluid from the tissue does not work as

The results came in confirming a malignant tumor in my mother’s breast, and I knew her hopes had been crushed, but she remained strong. After the surgery, another biopsy established that the cancer was found on the outside of her tumor and also in her lymph nodes, so it was very possible that it could spread. She would need to get a mastectomy.

In women worldwide, more than 1 million women were diagnosed in 2012, making the breast cancer the most commun cancer (1). In United States, breast cancer represent 29% of new cases expected to be diagnosed in 2015 of all cancer, and is one of the most common cancer diagnosed after skin cancer. It is also unfortunatley the second cause of death cancer within women, and 17% death cases are expected in 2015 for invasive breast cancer (IBC), among the new cases (2). Among the 61% of the breast cancer diagnosed at a confined stage, the 5-year survival rate is up to 99%, whereas it can drops to 25% when metastasis can be seen at time of diagnosis(2). The early detection of breast cancer is made by a clinical breast exam and a mammography for most of women, and has shown to reduce mortality since many years (3) with an incidence rate staying stable among women, which is the results of improvement of technics of detection for early diagnosis and treatement (2).

Benign tumors grow less rapidly and are not a threat unless it continues to grow, and then the tumor must be removed. According to the American Cancer Society the second leading cause of death in America among women is breast cancer. 175,000 women and 1,300 men in America die in a year from this type of cancer; thankfully because of modern medicine this number is declining. There are various stages of breast cancer.  Stage zero means that there isn’t any indication of cancer cells that have penetrated or attacked adjacent normal cell tissue. This stage best describes non-invasive breast cancer.  Stage one on the other hand better illustrates invasive breast cancer; that means that the cancer cells have actually broken through and have begun invading some of the adjacent normal cell tissue.  Tumors in this stage measure up to about two centimeters; the lymph nodes are not involved in the spreading of the cancer.  Stage two of breast cancer is also an invasive form of cancer; in this stage the tumor has grown to at least 2 centimeters and is no more than five centimeters big.  The cancer has metastasized to the lymph nodes under the armpit on the side of the tumor, but the lymph nodes have not yet stuck together or affected surrounding tissues.  Stage three can be divided into two different categories.  They are both invasive, but the first one describes a tumor that is larger than five

Deficient knowledge related to breast cancer education may also be evident. Another aspect of diagnosis and treatment was the need for clarity of information. “Women explained they had trouble 'focusing' after receiving information and of different interpretations about what they had heard”(Coyne, & Borbasi, 2009). Anxiety may be present because of the patients’ future concerns, upcoming treatments, and family issues. Fear may also be an issue related to the risk for lymphedema and future recurrence of breast cancer in the other breast or metastasis to other areas of the body. Body image disturbance will be a diagnosis for patients electing to have a lumpectomy or a mastectomy, and those who develop lymphedema.

While the completion of treatment is excitedly anticipated, many cancer survivors would still be disturbed by the emotional and physical tribulation of their breast cancer trajectory (Surbone & Peccatori, 2006). This is because, the impact of cancer remains long even after treatment ended. Besides the common issues that accompany any cancer diagnosis, breast cancer survivors also have to deal with exclusive concerns such as decreased sexual function, relationship issues, fears about genetic inheritability of cancer and complications from this disease such as lymphedema (Hodgkinson, Butow, Fuchs, et al., 2007). Therefore, the completion of treatment does not equate to lesser need for health care. Long term health issues related to breast cancer survivors have thus emerged as a public health concern.