Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that can affect many women. It is also “an incurable disorder that affects 1 in 10 women and over 50% do not know they have it” (PCOS Awareness Association, 2014). An ultrasound exam can reveal that women with PCOS have a collection of follicles on enlarged ovaries. The particular cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. It could be connected to long-term complications; therefore, doctors recommend weight loss to reduce this risk. Also, early diagnosis and treatment can have an impact on deciphering if a woman will have long-term complications. Such complications include type 2

The motive of this paper is to present a analysis of current research on polycystic ovary syndrome more commonly known as PCOS. Pcos is one the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, affecting 5-10% of the population. Despite it's prevalence, pcos remains largely unknown. The main focus of this paper will be explaining what PCOS is, the causes, the diagnosis and the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous collection of signs and symptoms that together for a spectrum disorder with a mild presentation in some but a severe in others. The pathophysiology of PCOS appears to be multifactorial and polygenic. (Fox, 2011)

According to PubMed Health, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which women possess abnormally high level of male hormones. The high hormone levels lead to risks of irregular or absent menstrual cycles, insulin resistance, ovarian cysts, issues related to the circulatory system, obesity, heart disease, diabetes and etc. Symptoms differ between each woman therefore, despite research data collected showing that PCOS affects 5-10% of women between the age of 18-44, there are many women who live their lives unaware that they have PCOS. The most common symptoms include: absences of ovulation, high levels of androgen present, and abnormal hair growth. The cause of PCOS is still unknown as more research is much-needed to better understand the disorder.

One study done on one hundred patients with PCOS showed that administration of metformin and pioglitazone shows 50 percent effectiveness in helping menstrual cycle irregularities by the end of six-months of treatment. Both medications also showed a decrease in LDL and an increase in HDL overall, but this was seen more in the pioglitazone group. This study showed that 64% of women with PCOS also had hyperinsulinism. HOMA-IR, used to assess insulin resistance, was shown to have a 15% decrease with metformin and a 50% decrease in patients who used pioglitazone. Thus, for protection from diabetes pioglitazone may be the better treatment. Ovulation was shown to be restored in up to 56% of patients on metformin and pioglitazone. This study showed that pioglitazone may be a new and better option for treatment of PCOS since it can delay onset of type II diabetes, help with signs of hyperandrogenism, and regulate menstrual cycles (sangeeta,

If a patient complains with the signs and symptoms previously described along with abdominal pain, amenorrhea, or difficulty to conceive, a physician will take these necessary measures to diagnosing PCOS. During a physical examination, lab work will be ordered such as a fasting lipid profile, a glucose test, hormone levels, and an insulin test. The results will give detail information on hormone levels such as prolactin and thyroid levels, FSH to LH ratio and androgen levels. A transvaginal ultrasound will also be recommended and administered to indicate a pearl-necklace pattern of cysts

In another study by Wojciechowski, Lipowska, Rys, Ewens, Franks, Tan, Malecki, (2012) whose Aim was to examine the impact of FTO genotype on BMI and weight in PCOS using Meta-analysis of 2,548 women with PCOS. The result showed that the association between FTO genotypes and BMI was stronger in cohort with PCOS that in the general female population. It was conclude that the effect of FTO on obesity related traits in PCOS was twice as greater than the effect in large population-based studies (Wojciechowski et al., 2012).

Approximately fifty to sixty percent of women with polycystic ovary syndrome are obese or somewhat

For this article there were no research questions, but the authors wanted to focus on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. They found that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common in women, with a10% prevalence in women of reproductive age. Polycystic ovary syndrome is defined as ovarian dysfunction with polycystic ovaries. It also includes androgen excess which is shown by testosterone levels being elevated. Increased levels of testosterone can be seen through excess body hair. Obesity is seen in many women with PCOS, this can lead to insulin resistance and Type II Diabetes. Genetics has an impact on polycystic ovary syndrome with 20-40% of people with PCOS having first-degree relatives with the syndrome.

The condition Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is the most common of endocrine disruptions within women of reproductive ages. The disorder does affect as much as 10% of women within this reproductive lifecycle. The clinical and biochemical features of the condition are diverse and are as follows: fertility disruption, overweight/obesity, irregularities in menstruation (frequent, absent, sporadic) insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Jeanes &Hart &Smith & Barr, 2009). The exact aetiology of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown but does involve both environmental influencers and genetic factors. In summery Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition associated with metabolic dysfunction, infertility, and hyperandrogenism. Treatment for PCOS includes diet and lifestyle changes in order to promote a healthy body mass index (BMI) and further reduce hyperinsulinaemia (a symptom of the condition). Medications such as metformin/Glucophage might be utilized for management of the presenting symptoms. PCOS symptoms at present-day can only be managed and no cure for Polycystic ovary syndrome available. (Jeanes &Hart &Smith & Barr, 2009).

Your health is your wealth. When you look good, you'll naturally feel even better. Poly-cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) affects the looks and overall health of countless women. The common symptoms of women with PCOS include weight gain, acne, depression/moodiness and hirsutism. There are other symptoms that can flare up, but all of these issues can run a number on a woman's self-esteem and appearance. Additionally, there's no cure for PCOS. Most times, doctors prescribe medicines like Metformin to manage the insulin resistance issue. Many women deal with this and feel alone and hopeless. Thankfully, there is a way to manage the symptoms and experience the appearance and body of your dreams. The solution revolves around lifestyle changes. The changes can be

When you look at the different areas of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome most women suffering from this disorder have issues with infertility, menstrual problems, acne, hirsutism, obesity and type 2 diabetes. PCOS is not limited to a certain race or body type of women all races of women and body types are included in developing this disorder. Not all women with polycystic ovarian syndrome are

Adolescent PCOS is on the rise these days due to change in lifestyle, academic load and lack of physical

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal endocrine disorders in women. This syndrome includes multiple cysts in your ovaries that are filled with fluid. It can be easily seen on an ultrasound when there is a string of pearls(cysts) on your ovaries. Many women experience infrequent periods, weight gain, elevated hormone levels and type 2 diabetes.

The menopause occurs as average at age 51, though the inheritance, as investigated in twins and mother-daughter studies, seems to play its own definite but still barely understood role (Van Kasteren et al., 1999; Marozzi, 2000). The premature ovarian insufficiency is a continuum disorder characterized by a follicular dysfunction and/or depletion of primordial follicles before age 40, leading to infertility (~1% of the population). Once diagnosed POI patients have only 25 IU/L twice in more than 4 weeks apart), low AMH and oestrogen levels (and associated osteoporosis) (Goswami and Conway, 2007). Moreover, POI is present in ~15 to 21% of female carriers of the premutation (Wittenberger et al., 2007; Liu and Cox,