Clinical Manifestation Of Parkinson's Disease

The Brain Based Communication Disorders states “A large number of movement disorders result in excessive, involuntary movements of the body. When those movements affect the components of speech, the result is Hyperkinetic Dysarthria” (Murdoch, p. 177). Hyperkinetic Dysarthria is a result from damage to the Basal Ganglia. The exact site of lesion is unknown (Murdoch p. 178).

PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease featured pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The typical symptoms of PD include slowness of movements (bradykinesia), muscle stiffness (rigidity), tremor, and balance disturbance. Etiopathologically, PD is considered to be caused by the significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the subsequent dopamine depletion at the striatum. To date, there are only symptomatic treatments available for PD, particularly in the early stages of the disease. No therapy has been found that can cure or halt the progression of the disease.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. The loss of dopamine neurons in the mid-brain substantia nigra region leads to Parkinson’s, in which a person has rigidity, slowness of movement, postural instability, and typically a resting tremor. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. But while a tremor may be the most common sign of Parkinson’s disease, the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of

Rigidity can be very uncomfortable and even painful. Most people with Parkinson’s disease don’t walk with their arms swinging because of stiff and rigid muscles. The rigidity also causes the patient to have slow movement. Because muscles are so tight and can’t easily move, patients take a long time moving from step to step because of the associated pain. Another symptom that challenges Parkinson’s disease patients is slurred speech. People have a difficult time understanding what patients are saying. Parkinson’s disease can affect a person’s voice, causing them to speak softly or have difficulty forming sounds clearly. The third sign is Bradykinesia, which is one of the most significant problems for Parkinson disease patients. According to data from robot-assisted gait training, Bradykinesia causes everything the patient does to be slow. Bradykinesia is also expressed as micrographia (small handwriting), hypomimia (decreased facial expression), decreased blink rate, and hypophonia (soft speech). Bradykinesia causes difficulty with repetitive movements, such as finger

Symptoms of PD are categorized into motor and non-motor areas. Motor symptoms include slowness of movement (bradykinesia), tremor at rest, stiffness in limbs and abdomen, and difficulty with balance. More minor motor symptoms could be small handwriting, shuffled walk, loss of facial expression, and decreased ability in automatic reflexes. Non-motor symptoms include mood disorders, cognitive changes, hallucinations/delusions, constipation, pain, fatigue, vision problems, reduced sensation of smell, and impulsive control

Many people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, brief, rapid outbursts of movement, progressive supranuclear palsy, restless legs syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, tics, Tourette's syndrome, tremor, Wilson disease, dystonia, which causes involuntary body movement, and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, and tics are one of the most widely known of these disorders, known to impair people of movements and rob them of their lives.

Slow movements are also known as bradykinesia. Over a duration of being affected by Parkinson 's disease, the ability of movement reduces, and the movement becomes slow instead thereby rendering the simple tasks to be challenging and time-consuming. As

Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia, manifested by combination of resting tremor, increased muscle rigidity, bradykinesia or slowness of movement, gait disturbances, and impaired

The patient is a 99-year-old female who presents from the Daughters of Miriam after sustaining a fall the morning of presentation. The patient states she was trying to get out of bed which is very difficult for her due to her Parkinson's disease the next thing she knows she was falling. She denies any trauma to her head, back, her hips. She denies any lightheadedness, dizziness or chest tightness. Her medical history is significant for hypertension and chronic atrial fibrillation for which she is on anticoagulation, coronary artery disease, history of bilateral breast cancer and Parkinson's disease. The neurologic exam reveals that she has a tremor in the upper extremities and she has rigidity. The neurologic evaluation is increasing

Another motor symptom that comes with PD is speech. Ninety percent of people with Parkinson’s disease notice change in their speech. (Roberts) Also people with the speech symptom have quieter voices. Sometimes this symptom can make someone’s speech so bad, that they would have to get a device that helps speak. (Roberts) Some devices are voice amplifiers and devices that actually speak for

At this time, Mr. Cane is in stable condition. His vital signs are within normal parameters and his blood work does not indicate another reason for his tremors. However, due to his increased lactate levels and his wife’s report of minimal fluid intake, a one liter Normal Saline Bolus over one hour should be ordered. The dehydration he is experiencing could be associated with his mild confusion and weakness as well. Another set of electrolytes should be taken to monitor the effect of the bolus. Mr. Cane’s electrolytes are on the lower side due to a poor nutritional status. Supplementation of electrolytes to bring these levels to a normal range should be implemented. There should also be a dietician consult arranged to produce strategies to ensure dehydration and malnutrition are not repeated. Overall, it is important to consider that every patient has an individualized treatment plan since symptoms, progression and response to treatment vary greatly (Seidl, Santiago, Bilyk, & Potashkin, 2014).

What is Parkinson’s disease (PD)? Parkinson’s is a disease that causes the nervous system to degenerate which means that person’s health is declining mentally, physically, and morally. Parkinson’s causes a loss in balance, which is the cause for most of the falls. These falls lead to the most injuries a Parkinson’s patient has; whether it be fractures or concussions. It causes a loss in muscle movement and muscle control. Patients with Parkinson’s get really stiff when the medication wears off and is hard to move and do simple daily activities. Additionally, it causes tremors. An example would be when people’s hands shake when they haven’t been doing anything but resting and it shouldn’t be doing it. The list continues…

PD symptoms can be vary and change at any time (Heister, 2011). In addition, there are negative impacts on body, mental and social of the patients. The studying of Strayer & Richman (2008), the results indicated the severe disability 66% of patients within 5 year and 80% after 10 year. PD patients are suffering from the movement pattern changed causing a fall, injury and being afraid of falling barely able to move and communicate effectively due to low physical and mental energy (Caap-Ahlgren, 2002; Bramley & Eatough, 2005). As well, a lots of patients are suffer from sleep problems in advanced PD and around 50% of patients have speech and communication problems (Heisters, 2011; Dhawan, Healy, Pal & Chaudhuri, 2006). In fact, the disease itself causes chemical changes in the brain that relate to depression in the patients with PD. However, psychological problems such as stigmatization, afraid from their symptoms, low self-confidence social communication problems were found in PD patients (Caap-Ahlgren, 2002). Moreover, many patients are suffer from severe side effect of medications for example dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urine retention, rapid heart rate , orthostatic hypotension, hallucination, delirium, depression (Hoch, 2009;

Parkinson’s Disease, also known as PD, is progressive movement disorder in the brain, substantia nigra. PD can occur in any human being in the world, but mainly in males or those given “drugs given for psychosis may cause Parkinson-ism"( Gulli

Nearly every person who lives with PD will experience some degree of muscle rigidity. Muscle rigidity associated with PD is most noticeable in the muscles that flex the limbs and trunk. Common experiences include bending of the neck, curling of the trunk with slumping of the shoulders, and bending at the wrists, fingers, elbows, hips and knees. These changes progress over