Clinical Manifestations Of Hiv Infections

There are approximately 140 million people living with lymphedema. Out of those 140 million 20 million developed lymphedema as a result of breast cancer treatment. Lymphedema is the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues surrounding a lymph node. Lymphedema occurs when there is a disruption in the lymphatic system caused by either a congenital abnormality or can be caused by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, injury, infection or blockage (Shahap, 2013). Lymphedema is a chronic and progressive condition that has no cure. The patient must understand that prevention of complications depends on self-management. Therefore it is very important that when caring for a patient that has had a mastectomy or radiation for breast cancer the

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome denotes a spectrum of conditions that are caused by the HIV virus. Infection with this disease does not result in the instant occurrence of the related signs and symptoms. However, an individual is likely to experience flu-like symptoms after he or she is infected with it. Eventually, the person experiences a prolonged period of apparent health with no visible signs. On progression, the infection adversely interferes with the immune system of the individual. The weakening of the body’s defense system increases the risk of recurrence of common infections and opportunistic illnesses that

Breast cancer in males is quite common, yet still many people are unaware of this disease. Often, it can go undiagnosed until the cancer is in the fourth stage. Every year over 2,000 men will be diagnosed, but only 54% will survive. Cancer in men is often overlooked as it is almost 100 times less common in men than women. During a man’s entire lifespan, the risk of having a diagnosis is about one in one-thousand. The most common symptom of this devastating disease are a lump or some swelling. This can be around the breast tissue, nipple, under the arm, or even on the neck. Male breast cancer can spread to the lymph nodes underneath the arm or above the collarbone even before it is noticed on the breast. The lumps are usually painless but

Women who experience lymphedema after breast and lymph node removal often experience many physical and psychological struggles, that no one will quite understand unless you are the one living with the condition. More women are being diagnosed with breast cancer, or finding out they are carriers of the gene for breast cancer than ever before. Technology has allowed for earlier detection and better treatment options, with increasing survivor rates. As the survival numbers increase and more women are living with the aftermath of breast cancer treatment. Initial cancer treatment is not always life long, but the side effects to treatment can be. Women who experience lymphedema will likely experience a variety of emotional, physical, and psychological changes, some of theses changes are not able to be put in perspective until one researches it or experiences it for themselves.

have the HIV infection you will or maybe be swollen glands and flu-like symptoms. These

A study conducted by Wilner et al. of 145 patients with loco regional recurrences after mastectomy had concluded that a better 5 year survival was for patients with only axillary lymph node recurrences (50%), compared with those with supraclavicular lymph node recurrence (28%) and combined chest wall with axillary recurrences (28%). Only 5% had 5 year survival

Factors that determine how to treat breast cancer are stage and grade of tumor and if it has spread to other tissue in the breast. The sensitivity to hormones of the cancer cells, health of the patient, age of the patient, and preference of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, if surgery is necessary it may be in the form of a lumpectomy, mastectomy (total breast removal), biopsy of sentinel node, dissection of axillary lymph node, and breast reconstruction surgery if a mastectomy has been done. Lumpectomy surgery is the removal of the DCIS area and a margin of healthy tissue that surrounds it. If necessary lymph nodes under the armpit and total breast removal including the nipple and areola may be removed which is known a mastectomy. After this procedure has taken place further treatment may occur such as radiation in the form

Breast cancer may also cause changes in the breast. For example, the nipples may retract or turn inward. The nipples or the skin around the breast may thicken. A woman may also experience nipple discharge. Additionally, the breast may swell. A woman who notices strange changes in her breast will need see a medical

The patient could be having discomfort as a result of Seroma formation. This is a serious liquid in the dead space of the post-mastectomy axilla, breast, or skin following radical mastectomy (Downing, et.al, 2015). The reason the patient could be suffering from this is that Seroma formation is the most common early symptom or squeal after radical mastectomy. Moreover, patient symptoms such as requiring help to reposition mean that she is having mobility issues. The eruption

In the last years, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become a very popular method used for the early detection of breast cancer, because it has greater sensibility than mammography. But, opponents of MRI are concerned about this type of examination because of the belief that it may increase rates of mastectomy. However, different studies have been performed and no proof of this has been recorded (Dang and Zaguiyan et al 937). Although many people think that mastectomy may increase with MRI’s, I feel that these types of screenings should be more recommendable for women at high risk for breast cancer, because cancer, if not treated on time might be fatal.

The results came in confirming a malignant tumor in my mother’s breast, and I knew her hopes had been crushed, but she remained strong. After the surgery, another biopsy established that the cancer was found on the outside of her tumor and also in her lymph nodes, so it was very possible that it could spread. She would need to get a mastectomy.

Radiation. Radiation therapy can be useful in all stages of breast cancer, however Stage I and II radiation therapy with lumpectomy is recommended. The ongoing research identifies without radiation treatment there is a relatively high chance of cancer recurrence up to 35%; with radiation as an adjuvant therapy the cancer risk decreases to 5-10% (MCGWC, 2007). Radiation treatment also accompanies a mastectomy if axillary lymph nodes test positive, a tumor is greater than five centimeters, or margin borders of the tumor are narrow between healthy cells and tumor cells (MCGWC, 2007).

Primary HIV infection is the first stage and only lasts for a few weeks. Flu-like illnesses may be present during this stage. The second stage is known as clinically asymptomatic stage and typically lasts for an average of ten years. Although major symptoms might not exist during this stage, the HIV-positive person may experience swollen glands. Symptomatic HIV infection is the third stage. As the immune system continues to fail, symptoms surface and become miniscule at first then later leading to more prevalent symptoms. This third stage is generally caused by illnesses, involving cancers and infections, which the immune system would normally fight off but is not able to because the immune system is too weak. Finally, AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, develops and is the final stage of HIV. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when they show the symptom called an opportunistic infection. This is when infections take advantage of the weakened immune system. HIV leads into life threatening AIDS and causes the infected individual to feel escalating amounts of pain such as neurotic pain, tremendous headaches, gastrointestinal pain, chest pain, and even emotional pain such as depression. This pain can be intense enough to cease the individual from living a productively normal life. HIV and AIDS can strike anyone at any point in their life and should be taken seriously.

Advanced HIV related symptoms - Moderate anaemia, thrush/derma77s, persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL), diarrhoea, weight loss, recurring fever, Kaposis sarcoma

Seroma represents the most common complication of breast cancer surgery the etiology of which remains obscure. Many surgeons view seromas as a necessary event rather than a serious complication (1). Its incidence is thought to be somewhere between 25% - 60% for mastectomy and axillary clearance (2), but has been reported as high as 85% depending on its definition and the techniques employed to detect them (3).