Clinical Problems Associated With Measles Locally And At Large

Viruses are coated genetic material that invade cells and use the cell's apparatus for reproduction.

According to the Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases textbook aka “The Pink Book” (2015) which was produced jointly by the Communication and Education Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles is a paramyxovirus with the primary site of infection in the nasopharynx. It has an incubation period of 10-12 days. The first symptoms to occur are fevers (increasing stepwise 103-105 degrees), cough, runny nose and conjunctivitis approximately 2-3 days after exposure and last 2-4 days. The second part of the infection occurs approximately 14 days after exposure; which is evidence by Koplik spots on the oral mucosa. Then, 1-2 days later, a maculopapular rash develops along the hair line, face,

An infection in my community would quickly become an outbreak of measles and would probably spread quickly infecting many and claiming lives of young and old. A Measles outbreak is a strong possibility due to a large religious group with thousands of members in my community that do not believe in vaccinations, and only allow for limited healthcare. Popular organic lifestyles and refusal of vaccinations are believed to have aided in spread of a recent outbreak of Measles in California. The virus detected in California was identical to one that caused a large outbreak in the Philippines last year. The California outbreak that was noted from December 2014 to February 2015 notes that there were 125 confirmed cases, and 15 of the cases were confirmed to have been linked to the

Infection is the process where germs enter a susceptible area in the body, where they multiply, resulting in disease.

In early April 2013 a measles outbreak was discovered in North Carolina. By mid-May the outbreak had been identified in Stokes and Orange Counties via 23 active cases. Every case was linked back to a family that had spent 3 months in India and had not been vaccinated. By the 16th of April the state laboratory of Public Health was able to confirm the diagnosis, with the last known case being confirmed on May 7th. The investigation of this outbreak revealed 4 patients with a confirmed diagnosis that had received one of vaccination of the two part series. The other 19 cases had not ever been vaccinated.

Measles is virus with a single-stranded RNA and two membranes: a fusion protein that infuses into the host cell membrane and the hemagglutinin protein that absorbs the virus into the cells. The primary site for invasion is in the epithelium of the nares. Measles is highly contagious and very infectious because it is easily transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can stay in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours and infect many people who inhale the infectious agent or touch a surface, then be introduced to a new host through touch to

It 's bad or infectious bacteria that cause illness as they rapidly reproduce and produce a toxin that kills or mutates cells, bacteria is also self sufficient.

On August 26 2011, a call came into a California Health Department officer concerning a refugee from Malaysia that had been hospitalized on August 25, 2011 and thought to possibly have measles. The teenage refugee had just left Malaysia on August 24, 2011 and traveled by air to the United States. Some of these same refugees, also traveling by air, were sent to Chile in August 2011 where the outbreak appeared approximately the same time as the outbreak in the United States.

Infection-The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body.

In December of 2014, an outbreak of measles, which started in Disneyland, resulted in nearly two hundred people being sickened across the United States, Mexico, and Canada. The highly contagious respiratory disease spread for three months. Among those who contracted the illness, one developed severe pneumonia and multiple organ injury, while another suffered acute respiratory distress syndrome. So, why did an illness, which was purportedly eliminated sixteen years ago, experience a surge so dramatic that it caused more cases in 2014 than in the five preceding years combined? According to the CDC, the outbreak could be boiled down to one simple reason: “The majority of people were unvaccinated.” So while the California measles outbreak is a thing of the past, the fight to increase compliance with vaccinations continues. Although the benefits and safety of vaccinations are undisputed by the medical and scientific community, there are still sizeable groups of “anti-vaxxers” who refuse to vaccinate their children. These groups spread misconceptions, sometimes unknowingly, and become even more influential when coupled with the power of the internet and social media. Therefore, in order to increase compliance with routine vaccinations, the misconceptions of parents should be targeted, and legislation should be changed in order to prevent leniency and loopholes regarding vaccine exemptions.

Measles is an airborne disease that is spread through respiration (contact with fluids from an infected person's nose and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission (coughing or sneezing)), and is highly contagious—90% of people without immunity sharing living space with an infected person will catch it.[4] An asymptomatic incubation period occurs nine to twelve days from initial exposure. The period of infectivity has not been definitively established, some saying it lasts from two to four days prior, until two to five days following the onset of the rash (i.e., four to nine days infectivity in total), whereas others say it lasts from two to four days prior until the complete disappearance of the rash. The rash usually appears

Now, many once-forgotten diseases are reappearing. TIME Magazine reported that “In 2014, the U.S. experienced a major outbreak of measles that totaled 383 cases and was primarily spreading among an unvaccinated Amish community in Ohio.” (Measles Outbreak) The number of cases of these diseases is going up when it can be easily prevented. Worldwide, “Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available.” (World Health

Males life expectancy increased from 52.6 to 55.9, while female’s life expectancy increased from 54.8 to 58.9 (the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2015). The leading causes of deaths in Chad are diarrheal diseases, lower respiratory infection, malaria, HIV/AIDS, cerebrovascular disease, and neonatal disorders respectively (IHME, 2015). In 2005, measles was ranked as the third cause of death among children under age 5 in Chad (IHME, 2015). Complications associated with the disease can be especially deadly and are more common in young children (WHO, 2012). In 2015, measles mortality has declined dramatically to be ranked as the 25th cause of death (IHME, 2015). Despite this decline, cases in Chad have risen since January 2014, with 7,105 registered cases, and nine reported deaths (Metcalf et al., 2015). While most people infected with measles recover within two to three weeks, between 5 and 20 percent die, usually due to complications such as diarrhea, dehydration, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or severe respiratory infection (IHME, 2015). The recent registered cases of measles in Chad indicate the need to seek additional means to reinforce routine immunization as well as ensure the timely implementation of supplementary immunization activities to prevent large and repeated measles epidemics

The Latin name for measles is rubeola. The pathogen which causes the disease is a paramyxovirus, which is one of a group of RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses. Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus, and also comes out in a rash. The virus enters the body via the respiratory system, and grows in the cells at the back of the throat and in the cells that line the lungs, from there it then enters the blood stream and circulates the body.

In the 10th century, a Persian doctor published the first written record measles. In his record, he states the differences between smallpox and measles. (Wikipedia, 2016) His work on Measles was one of the first scientific treatments of infectious diseases and bases for future research. Modern scientists suggested that measles might have come from animals (specifically cows), as the virus was highly similar to Rinderpest, which infected cattle. Measles virus has evolved in an environment where cattle and humans lived in close proximity. (Loving, 2016) It has now been proven that humans are the natural hosts of the virus and no animal carriers are known to exist. Before a vaccine became available in 1963, the measles virus infected nearly all children by the time they were 15 years of age (Pearce, 2015)Enders created the vaccine of the virus in 1963, and the Measles virus infects approximately 30 million people annually, with a death of 197,000, which occurs in third world countries. After the vaccine was invented, the number of measles cases was 80% less compared to the pre-vaccine era. Researchers are conducting research to find oral antiviral drugs to treat people exposed to the measles virus and