Clinical Trials Evaluation And Treatment Of Her2 Overexpressing Metastatic Breast Cancer

CASE STUDY PROGRESS: The client has now received 3 cycles of combination chemotherapy for her breast cancer. Her last treatment with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil was approximately 12 days ago. She came to the emergency room with a 2-day history of fever, chills, and shortness of breath. On arrival, she is disoriented and agitated. Vital signs are 86/43, 119, 28, 39.8° C, SaO2 85% on room air. Laboratory data include WBC 1.2 thou/cmm, Hct 24.9%, Hgb 8.7 g/dl, platelets 125 thou/cmm. Differential WBC count shows 37% granulocytes, 60% lymphocytes, 3% monocytes. Chem 14 is within normal limits, with the exception of BUN 28 mg/dl, creatinine 1.6 mg/dl, and lactic acid 2.4 mg/dl. Chest x-ray demonstrates diffuse infiltrates in the left lower lung.

Results showed that VeriStrat® testing was able to identify a group of patients who have worse progression free survival (PFS) when treated with Femara alone, independent of Her2 status.

The immaturity of the data is underscored by the disposition at the time of analysis. Patients were more likely to have discontinued based on adverse events than to have had disease progress or be continuing therapy. Although tolerability looked better when only patients receiving tremelimumab 1 mg were analyzed, even in that group, 30% of patients had a related grade > 3 adverse event, with 16% of patients discontinuing due to an adverse event and 4% dying from the study therapy. For comparison, in the studies that led to approval of pembrolizumab and nivolumab, grade > 3 related adverse events were seen in 7-10.5%, adverse events led to discontinuation of study therapy in 0.2-3.8% and death was related to study treatment in 0-0.3%.2, 3, 4

The aim of this report is to provide primary evidence which supports and explains the reasons why Herceptin is used in the treatment of HER2+ cancers.

Breast cancer is defined as a malignant tumor in the cells of the breast. A cancerous tumor develops when a group of malignant cells invade the tissue surrounding the breast and can spread to other parts of the body (Cancer.org, 2015). This type of cancer is most common in women. However, men can also fall victim to the disease. In 2015, about 230,000 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in women and approximately 40,000 women will die from this disease (Cancer.org, 2015).

Pazopanib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with multiple targets (8). These targets include VEGF receptors 1, 2, and 3, PDGFR-alpha and beta, and c-KIT. In one randomized controlled trial, Pazopanib demonstrated an increase of 5 months in progression-free survival(PFS) in patients who had undergone 1

Not everyone that gets diagnosed with breast cancer will need chemotherapy. There are a few different types of chemotherapy. There is adjuvant chemotherapy, which takes place after surgery. This is used to try and kill leftover cancer cells in the body. If adjuvant chemotherapy isn’t used, and cancer cells get left in the body, they can form new tumors in other places of the body. This type of chemo can lower breast cancer coming back. A second type of chemotherapy is neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This takes place before surgery. Often this type of chemo is used to try to downsize the tumor, so it can get expelled with less extensive surgery.

The study is a multi-center, randomized, open-label to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Rituximab in patients with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL). The study will be lead up to 25 sites in the USA, France, Canada and India. The study will enroll up to 1500 patients. The study population will include a patient >18 years of age (both male and female); with recurrence or refractory low-grade or follicular, CD20 positive, B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

The reason why I am touching on this subject is because breast cancer is the most common disease that affects women across the United States. This is known as the leading cause of death in women between the ages of 30 and 40, but some can happen in their 20s. Statistics show “According to the National Cancer Institute, one in eight women who live to be age 80 will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. This makes the disease the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among American women, after skin cancer.” (www.cancer.gov) Breast cancer is a lump found in the breast in which cells become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Malignant cells begin to spread if untreated to original tumor which causes inflammation in the breast

Ravaud et al. [16] to determine the efficacy of sunitinib in refractory advanced TCs. A response rate of 8 % in DTC patients and 13 % in MTC patients. Furthermore, 67 % of DTC patients and 87 % of MTC patients showed disease stabilization. In a second phase II trial, Cohen et al.

According to Moyer (2013), “breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women”; this makes breast cancer a relevant topic due to its impact among the female population (p.698). To put a number to how many women breast cancer is estimated to effect in America, the American Cancer Society (2014) has a statistics stating that “every year over 200,000 American women are diagnosed with breast cancer”. With a relatively high number of women within America being diagnosed with breast cancer it is important to gain knowledge about the disease. Not only is it important to increase our information of breast cancer, but to improve our understanding of different treatments that

The human body is made of about 37 trillion cells, which work together in collaboration to keep your body functioning correctly. When a cancer or a disease attacks healthy cells, it overtakes the entire cell’s functions and rapidly multiplies into other corrupt cells. It is very important to the safety of a person’s life to be educated on the effects of cancer and how to detect them, because it is a wildfire like disease, once it has spread it is extremely hard to control. Breast cancer intrigues me because I have a high risk of getting this cancer due to my family history; from my great aunts to aunts to my own mother. They have shown strength and courage in defeating every bad cell that comes through their pathway. This report is to inform the reader on the history of breast cancer, the types of breast cancer, how it is diagnosed, treatment methods and future prevention methods.

Cancer is the uncontrollable division and growth of abnormal cells resulting in formation of an aggressive tumour. In some forms of Breast cancer, the cells proliferate uncontrollably due to over-expression of the protein HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2); a receptor embedded within the membrane of cells, allowing for the transfer of signals outside to inside the cell. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody administered through intravenous infusion, to be taken on its own or in combination with one or more chemotherapy regimens. It reduces risk of the cancer reoccurring or spreading by inhibiting the effects of HER2, and enhancing the body’s immune system.

The first generation of CDK inhibitors did not show any evidence of efficacy in clinical trials, but researchers suggest that improved pharmacokinetic and dosing might lead to better results. In addition to that, is crucial to notice that these trials were conducted on unselected patient populations (Musgrove et al., 2011). More selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, such as Palbociclib for advanced-stage oestrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer, are now undergoing the final stages of clinical trials and improvements in progression-free survival have been consistently reported (Musgrove et al., 2011; O’Leary et al., 2016).

Immunotherapy is a promising treatment modality for cancer as it can promote specific and durable anti-cancer responses. Systemic adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is an emerging form of cancer immunotherapy showing tremendous potential in clinical studies aimed at treating solid cancers. The success of promising anti-cancer adoptive cell therapies relies on the abilities of the perfused CD8+ T lymphocytes to gain access to and persist within the tumor microenvironment to carry out their cytotoxic functions. The success of cancer adoptive cell therapies depends on the expansion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from patient derived tumors for their personalized systemic infusion back into individual patients, along with the capacity of