Clinical Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Study

The Framingham study and others that followed showed us that HDL-cholesterol is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL-cholesterol of only 10 mg/dL leads to a risk reduction of 2-3% (PubMed.gov, Nov. 2012). Higher levels of HDL cholesterol result in a risk of cardiovascular disease closer to the default risk. Cardiovascular disease risk increases then plateaus with greater ratios between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Thus, higher levels of HDL cholesterol proportionate to levels of total cholesterol relate to lower cardiovascular disease risk (Lecture #3). Having a HDL-cholesterol of 60 mg/dL and above is the best place for a person to be. A bit lower, but considered a good HDL-cholesterol level standing is 40-49 mg/dL for men and 50-59 mg/dL for women. All three of us, me, my mother, and the case study Danny are in good standing regarding HDL-cholesterol levels, my mother with 55 mg/dL, me with 50 mg/dL, and Danny with 40

Your written answers to the questions below are to be available to be sighted by your lecturer (not submitted to the School Office) at the start of the tutorial session. To be recorded as attending the tutorial requires that the lecturer deems that the worksheet has been satisfactorily attempted.

Mr. NX is a 35-year-old-male with complaint of back pain and not feeling well. He reports he has chronic back pain that is a constant tight, dull ache in which he has experienced over the past 10 years, without loss of function. He has a prior history of Type II diabetes, hypertension, and recurring deep vein thrombosis in which he routinely takes Glyburide, Lisinopril, and Coumadin for these disorders. Mr. NX reports he started a workout program three weeks prior in which he started two complementary alternative medications (CAMs) of Creatine and Coenzyme Q10. Other CAMs he reports taking is Kava Kava for anxiety and Garlic for his hypertension.

This essay will focus on type 2 diabetes, which is becoming one of the fast growing chronic health conditions in the United Kingdom (UK). Approximately 700 people are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes each day in the UK (Diabetes Uk, (2014)a). It is costing the NHS about £10billion pounds each year to treat diabetes along with its complication and it is expected to rise in the next couple of years (Diabetes UK, (2014)b).

Question requested: Does Invokana provide A1c reduction when adding on to Metformin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes?

This was an interventional study to understand the effect of two low-cost interventions; yoga and peer support on the quality of life (QOL) of women with type 2 diabetes.

P. Bissel et al (2004) conducted a qualitative study to evaluate the health care interactions and consultation model for chronic illness specifically diabetes type 2. The data sampling were carried out initially in two primary practices and one secondary care diabetes centre in England with additional participants recruited later through snowballing process. The total participants were 21, met the inclusion criteria; Pakistani origin with type 2 diabetes and able to communicate in English. A grounded theory approach was applied to analyse the data collected from the audio-taped interview. The topic discussed in the interview covers the individual experiences living with diabetes, challenges encountered to manage the illness and their feedbacks

People are consuming large amounts of soda in the United states. This increase of soda consumption was significant enough that in 2010 the state of New York proposed to tax soda. The one cent per ounce in taxes was intended to help generate government revenue and to discourage soda consumption but the proposal did not pass (Desantis 2012). The average individual in America consumes 44.7 gallons of carbonated soft drinks in one year (Desantis 2012). If the proposal would have passed the state would have made $5, 721.60 in revenue per soda drinker. The increase of soda consumption continuing to rise, there has also been an increase of type two diabetes diagnosis in America. It is projected that 552 million people will be diagnosed with diabetes by 2030 (Harris, Oldmeadow, Hure, Luu, Loxton, & Attia 2017).

A higher level of fats in the body puts the patient at higher risk for Cardiovascular diseases(CAD). The patient's' family has a history of CAD. Her mom and one of her sister have CAD (Lewis et al., 2014, pp. 733-734). The patient states that she has been taking her meds for cholesterol atorvastatin regularly. Her lipase level was 8272 on 11/11/16 and 2829 on 11/12/16 U/L 1069 on 11/13/16 (Ref range 73-393 U/L). Her HDL cholesterol level was 21 ( ref range>49 mg/dl), LDL Cholesterol level 148 ( ref range: <130 mg/dL). Patient statin drug was on hold because it is contradicted on the patient with an elevated level of ALT 80, 61(Ref range 0-50 U/L) and AST 61 on 11/12/16 and 64 on 11/13/16 (ref range 0-45 U/L). The uncontrolled level of could be the cause of concern for stroke or acute myocardial

Statins lower the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with elevated triglycerides. Many

This particular research was driven by the demand of the regulatory guidelines that deals with reduction of risks. The cases of cardiovascular risks among patients are have been reported to increase in the recent days. The regulatory require being presented for the cardiovascular outcomes that can be used in the therapies of type 2 diabetes treatment.

There are many known risk factors that have been shown to correlate with heart disease. High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of physical activity, and obesity, are all risk factors that correlation to and increase risk of CVD. Fortunately, all of these risk factors can be managed and controlled through a variety of ways. Although CVD is mostly preventable, cardiovascular disease remains as one of the leading causes of death in the United States (Erhardt, 2009).

Type 2 diabetes is a very well known disease throughout the US. There are about 27 million people in the US with the disease and 86 million others have prediabetes which means their blood glucose is not right but also not high enough to be diabetes yet. 208,000 people under the age of twenty have been diagnosed with either Type 1 or 2 Diabetes.

Hyperlipidemia is another modifiable risk factor. Hyperlipidemia is high cholesterol levels in the blood. A total cholesterol over 200mg/dL is over the normal limit and increases the risk of a myocardial infarction. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered the “bad cholesterol”. The liver in the human body makes cholesterol and other fats, and the LDL carries them to other body tissues. A good LDL level is below 130 mg/dL. High density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered the “good cholesterol”. HDL takes the LDL from the tissues back to liver so the body can excrete it. HDL should be over 50 for women, and over 40 for men (Woods, A., 2010). A patient having high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of a heart attack, because if there is too much cholesterol it will build up in the vessels causing them to be narrower. This narrowing can lead to the artery or vessel being completely blocked and causing a myocardial infarction. Obesity is also a risk factor for a heart attack. Obesity is when a body mass index is over 30 kg/m² and a waist measurement over 35 inches for women

Lipitor a Statin drug, acts by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and are used as adjunct therapy to diet to reduce the risk of MI, stroke, revascularization procedures, angina , non-fatal MI, fatal and non-fatal stroke, hospitalization for CHF, reduce elevated total –C, apo B, and TG levels, increase HDL-C in adult patients with primary hyperlipidemia and mixed dyslipidemia, reduce total –C and LDL-C in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and reduce elevated total –C and apo B levels in boys and postmenarchal girls 10-17 years of age with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia after failing an adequate trial of diet therapy. (Lipitor. 2012)