Clomipramine Research Paper

Illegal drugs are drugs which have controls on them by a government and are illegal in certain situations (a person is not allowed to have them). A drug is any chemical designed to affect the human body. A psychoactive drug is a drug that affects the brain. Some controlled drugs are allowed if you have permission (called a "prescription") from a doctor. Other drugs are illegal - meaning you are never allowed to have them. Individual countries and places have different laws about different drugs, and there are also international treaties against some drugs. The most used drugs are not illegal.

Since it is often used without prescription, there are several possible dose dependent side effects some users may experience. When using Clenbuterol alongside any other adrenoceptor agonists, side effects might be cumulative. For that reason, using Clenbuterol in conjunction to ephedrine/epherda or ephedrine-caffeine-aspiring is not recommended. Intake of clen is also advised against for people with cardiac issues and/or

Some of these drugs are so volatile that that the drugs are by the gale encyclopedia standards” Illegal or illicit drugs are chemical substances either banned by law entirely, or banned for use except under specific circumstances by designated personnel.” (drugfree P6) A drug may be illegal to sell, dispense, possess or use under all circumstances except those specifically allowed by law””Prescription drugs refer to legally regulated pharmacological drugs that can be obtained only with a prescription from a licensed

Antidepressants are psychiatric medications that are given to patients with depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms (1). Examples include bupropion (Wellbutrin), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft) (2). They can help fix chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain which cause changes in mood and behaviour. Antidepressants can be used for a wide range of psychiatric conditions, some examples include: social anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders, and dysthymia (mild chronic depression).

-One of the two basic ways of looking at drugs is psychological and sociological effect which focus is on the study of substances that alter our feelings, thoughts, perception of the world, and behavior. Psychoactive drugs are illegal drugs such as heroin, cocaine, marijuana, ecstasy, LSD, PCP, ketamine and GHB, that influence the functioning of the brain, behavior, and experiences .The other way to look at drugs is the social circumstances that lead to drug-taking behavior. First the use of psychoactive drugs modifies the functioning of the brain both at the time during which the drug is present in the body and later when the drug taking behavior stops. Second, drug dependence is a result of a complex interaction of the individual and his and her environment. All drugs, whether illegal or legal, can become dangerous substances when abused. Therefore, the legal classification of drugs means little in terms of how toxic or addictive a substance may be. Some of the most potent medications prescribed by doctors are as harmful if not more so as some of the drugs classified as controlled or banned substances.

This week I learnt about chlorpromazine, which is an antipsychotic. It is also used in short-term management of anxiety, agitation or disturbed behaviour in non-psychotic disorders. Chlorpromazine is an antagonist of many receptors, which include α1 adrenoceptor, M3 muscarinic receptor, H1 Histamine receptor, 5HT2 receptor, dopamine D2 receptor and angiotensin II AT1 receptor. This illustrates one of the pharmacology principles, which is selectivity of a drug. A highly selective drug (‘clean drug’) binds to only one receptor or molecular target whereas a drug having low selectivity (‘dirty drug’) will bind to many targets in the body. Binding upon many receptors can produce many effects but some effects are not desired. For example, chlorpromazine

The history of antidepressants began with isoniazid, which was an anti-tuberculosis medication. This came after finding that the medication had euphoric effects on the patients taking it. The drug had a mood altering side effect which later became the primary effect for depression and was a basis for synthesis of generations of new antidepressants (Indian J Psychiatry, 2011). Antidepressants are psychiatric medications given to patients with depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms (MNT, 2012). Neurotransmitters in the brain can cause changes in mood and behavior, antidepressants can help correct these chemical imbalances. Many psychiatric conditions can be treated with antidepressants including anxiety disorders and dysthymia. According to medicalnewstoday.com, there were 13.3 million people using antidepressants in 1996 by 2010 that number jumped to 23.3 million. The website goes on to say they believe the increase in antidepressant use can be credited to a higher need for mental health treatments, campaigns promoting mental health care being more widespread and mental health treatments becoming more widely accepted. In the years since the antidepressant age came to be many new antidepressants have been made, the Royal College of Psychiatrist say there are at least thirty different kinds of antidepressants, all of which can be divided into five main types.

Antidepressants are the medication which mostly functions on the neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine (National Institute of Mental health, 2011). Although the pathway how the antidepressants biochemically work is still unclear, its effect on the mood regulation is undeniable. As mentioned above, some of the antidepressants, which affects on serotonin neurotransmitter, are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The most current popular SSRIs are fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), and citalopram (Celexa) (National Institute of Mental health, 2011). Also, there are some other antidepressants that work on norepinephrine such as venlafaxine (Effexor) and duloxetine (Cymbalta); some antidepressants that work on dopamine such as bupropion (Wellbutrin) (National Institute of Mental health, 2011). There are some old medication, which can be prescribed for depressed patients under some circumstances. These medications are tricyclics and MAOIs. Tricyclics are powerful medication, however, it can cause heart disease, drowsiness, dry mouth, and weight gain as side effects (National Institute of Mental health, 2011). MAOIs, in other hand, can be used in abnormal depression such as overeating or oversleeping. Noticeably, when taking MAOIs with SSRIs, it can lead to serious side effects such as

Fluoxetine is also known as Prozac, common antidepressant drug (1). It works as selective, competitive reversible antagonist of serotonin receptor that prevent reuptake of serotonin from synapse (2). Due to selectivity, little effect on other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and noradrenaline. It increase the concentration of serotonin at the synapse and serotonergic neuronal transmission strength, and it triggers negative feedback loop of serotonin, which reduce the conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (3). Fluoxetine does not display species difference, but effect as antidepressant is depend on the dose thought out number of studies. Fluoxetine is administrated as tablets with usual starting dose of fluoxetine is 20mg per day, and it

There are three different categories that these pills fall into, stimulant, depressant and opioids. All stimulants work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain—dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, movement, and attention. The therapeutic effect of stimulants is achieved by slow and steady increases of dopamine, which are similar to the way dopamine is naturally produced in the brain. The doses prescribed by physicians start low and increase gradually until a therapeutic effect is reached. Stimulants can increase blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature and decrease sleep and appetite. When they are abused, they can lead to malnutrition and its consequences. Repeated abuse of stimulants can lead to feelings of hostility and paranoia. At high doses, they can lead to serious cardiovascular complications, including stroke. Depressants, sometimes referred to as central nervous system (CNS) depressants or tranquilizers, slow down the normal activity that goes on in the brain and spinal cord. Depressants are normally prescribed to people who are anxious or can’t sleep. Taken as prescribed by a doctor, they can be relatively safe and helpful. However, dependence and addiction are still risks when taking prescription depressants. Most depressants affect the brain by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a chemical in the brain that sends messages between cells. The increased GABA

A depressant, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to decrease or reduce arousal or motivation, in various areas of the brain. This prescription can only be prescribed by a doctor, this type of drug can be relatively safe and helpful. However, necessity and addiction but they still are potential risks. These risks increase when these drugs are changed. Taking this drugs to get you high can cause serious, and even dangerous,

A drug is a substance when introduced into the body can either have a positive or a negative physiological effect on a person. The substances that are considered to have a positive effect on a person are known as medicinal drugs, but the substances that have a negative effect on a person are known as illicit/illegal drugs. A few examples of medicinal drugs are prescribed medication, pain reliever, etc. A few examples of illicit drugs are cigarettes, cocaine, heroin, etc. though it may seem as clear cut as medicinal drugs are good and illicit drugs are bad, it is not entirely true as there are many cases in which medicinal

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States today. Fortunately, due to advanced technology and research about this disorder and its effects on the brain, there are many different kinds of medication to help treat those who are depressed. One of these medications includes Amitriptyline.

Antidepressants mainly affect the brain chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine -- the neurotransmitters responsible for regulating and enhancing mood. On the other hand, while antidepressants are generally effective, they may have adverse side effects; thus a patient taking antidepressants should be closely monitored.

Drugs are substances that can be good and bad for the human body. It can sometimes have a negative effect inside the body, such as organs and the brain, yet still feel good to the outer self; so good that some might even get addicted to it so much that they cannot live without it. According to medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com, a drug is a chemical substance that has impact on the mind and the body. It can be used in various ways such as treatment, diagnosis, prevention of diseases and other conditions that are abnormal or may cause an illness. Some of these drugs are marijuana, heroin, morphine and prescribed drugs.