Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury Case Study

Being home and at school are the primary locations for students and adolescents and where they spend the most time of their day. When a student is diagnosed with a TBI, it can dramatically affect their school performance. After a student experiences a TBI, school is one one of the many stepping stones where recovery and development is offered and can be used as an intervention. For schools to be able to offer the appropriate educational measures adjusted for the needs of the student, the appropriate support and recovery process for the student, schools having the appropriate documentation and knowledge about the student’s injury.

It happens in an instant but the effect lasts longer. How would you feel to be in a darkroom with no electronics for two weeks? Pretty boring, don’t you think? A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a blow to the head, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. If the blow to the head is severe enough to cause a tear of a blood vessel under the skull, this can cause an accumulation of blood that will cause the brain to become displaced [Flynn]. There are six types of concussions. The harder you hit your head the worse the injury will take to recover. [Newsela] People with concussions had thinking and memory test scores that were 25 percent

Using different computerized tests, ImPACT assesses visual memory, processing speed, and impulse control (Schatz, Pardini, Lovell, Collins, & Podell, 2006). When given to a blind sample population (n=138), it correctly identified 82% of the people with a concussion (Schatz et al., 2006). This means that a mixed sample of people with and without concussions was given the ImPACT test. The test was able to accurately differentiate between the people with concussions and controls. The ImPACT test is a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for acute concussions, but it is not clear if the test is able to successfully diagnose a minor concussion (Schatz et al., 2006). Not all concussions result in the cognitive deficits that are identified by the ImPACT test. Also, the ImPACT test does not have the resolution to show when patients have not fully recovered but are asymptomatic. These asymptomatic patients could be cleared for return to activity before a full recovery, which has the potential to be lethal as will be described later in the

to the brain from an external force can result in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). When the

According to the CDC (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), there are approximately 1.5 million people in the U.S. who suffer from a traumatic brain injury each year (CDC, 2003). Also, the CDC reports that nearly 50,000 people die from TBI each year and 85,000 people suffer long-term disabilities and slowly growing. Traumatic brain injury, also well known as TBI, is when severe change(s) in a normal functioning brain has abruptly changed due to a plethora of different MOI’s, some include: open or closed head injuries, deceleration injuries, chemical/toxic, hypoxia, tumors, infections and stroke. Car accidents, firearms, and falls often cause many TBI’s. Consequences of a brain injury vary from person-to-person because no two injuries are alike. A brain injury is different from a broken leg or punctured lung. Brain injuries do not heal like other injuries; once the brain is damaged it's hard to heal the damaged areas in the brain. Once the areas in the brain are affected it can lead to limited use of specific body parts, alter your personality, mental abilities, abnormal speech/language, impaired or loss of thinking and emotions (depression) and sensation (vision or hearing.)

In their article, Depression and Cognitive Complaints Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Dr. Silver, Dr. McAllister, and Dr. Arciniegas (2009) states that “Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common occurrence with multiple possible neuropsychiatric sequelae, including problems with cognition, emotion, and behavior.” A traumatic brain injury is a physiological disruption of brain function due to the application of external physical force, including acceleration/deceleration forces. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a term used to describe a cluster of post-TBI symptoms to include: cognitive, emotional, behavioral, physical, and psychosocial problems, is a significant source of disability in TBI survivors and their families. This review will examine symptoms of depression and cognitive impairment in individuals that have experienced a mild TBI, as well as the clinical approach to treating such people (Silver, McAllister, & Arciniegas, 2009).

Over ten million traumatic brain injuries occur throughout the world each year (Kim et. al.). In the United States, there are 3.8 million traumatic brain injuries annually relating to sports injuries, and approximately 10% of military veterans have suffered a traumatic brain injury with persistent symptoms (Tan, Meehan, et. al.). Although traumatic brain injuries are most common in war or athletic injuries, anyone is at risk for a traumatic brain injury from random traumatic events. Traumatic brain injuries are the leading cause of death in individuals under the age of 24, most of which are caused by car accidents. The annual medical costs of traumatic brain injuries are estimated to be $60.4 billion, including $51.2 billion lost each year

en traumatic brain injury occurs to the frontal area, it is impacting the brain’s largest lobe. Located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere, this lobe is responsible for conscious thought, voluntary movement, and individual personality characteristics. When you are searching for just the right word to say, it is this section of the brain upon which you rely.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when there is a damage in the brain a result of physical trauma. TBI may be caused by a penetrating (open) head injury, in which an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue, or a closed head injury, in which the skull is not breached, and frequently results in the major long-term disability of individuals surviving head injuries.(7) Cranial firearm wounds often result in severe injury to the brain and related central nervous system (CNS) structures.(17). Although penetrating head trauma is less prevalent than closed head trauma, PBI carries a worse prognosis with high morbidity and mortality rates. Understanding of the mechanisms of injury and aggressive medical management with rapid surgical intervention may lead to improved outcomes.(8)

CONCLUSIONS: In summary this patient died from blunt force head trauma sustained in a motor vehicle accident. Based on toxicology results, alcohol intoxication was an indirect contributing factor to the crash.

We have been learning about the concussion. Or MTBI (Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) it is critical to find a way to protect our students and kids everywhere from MTBI. A Pediatrics Study in the Newsela article, said they studied 349 students and 240 of them after the fact continued to have physical and cognitive symptoms of brain injury.

Ambulation, Atrophy, Anguish. Due to a failure in muscle nourishment, people that suffer with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis suffer with paralyzes. This unfortunate, incurable disease impacts a person mentally and physically; victims have knowledge of what happens around them, but cannot respond to change. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, also known as CTE, is obtained when a person suffers from repetitive head injuries. CTE has four main different ailments that cause the victims to respond to CTE in different ways. Recent studies have shown that athletes are more vulnerable to concussions and head traumas, because they typically experience physical contact with other athletes. Due to personal problems or past experiences, a person that suffers mentally can obtain head traumas that can also lead to ALS or CTE. For this reason, athletes should be exposed to changes in rules and obtain a better knowledge of these diseases. Although physical contact sports can cause a player to suffer from ALS, CTE, or concussions, sports should

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) incorporates concussions and results from a hit to the head, bringing about shaking the cerebrum (Gleadhill, 2014). The trouble with conclusion is that a blackout might be asymptomatic. One investigation of Canadian hockey players found that lone 19% knew that they had endured a blackout (Edwards, 2014). Numerous concussed competitors have typical cerebrum work for a considerable length of time to come. On the off chance that concussions do have side effects they incorporate everything from dazedness, to tiredness, to twofold vision, or despondency, yet losing awareness is not an essential component (Gleadhill, 2014). Optional blows are more risky and long haul impacts may incorporate CTE. Early recognizable proof and treatment is fundamental and instruction of players, guardians, coaches, staff, and leagues are additionally basic. This is profoundly identified with youth health and extremely basic morally. Sports fans may expect that blackout research is progressing to the point that the dangers are known, blackout can be precisely distinguished and treated, and come back to play choices are cleverly made by medical staff. The fact of the matter is altogether different and loaded with morally hard choices for all partners (McNamee, 2015). The absence of clarity of the idea and uncertainly of conclusion implies that educated assent and game instruction of players, guardians, coaches, and others are traded off. The National Collegiate Athletic

Regarding the rank order of the cases, this social worker feels that Case B has the highest priority, followed by case A and then case C. The reason why Case B has the highest priority is because of the age of the child. Children ages 5 and under are prone to suffer complications from being direct head trauma resulting in seizures, paralysis, coma and possibly leading to death (Hershberger 2014). According to the case study, there is evidence that the child has sustained multiple abusive head trauma multiple times over a period of weeks. This social worker feels that the child is in immediate danger to losing life, limb or eyesight and therefor would rank this case of highest priority.

While most of the authors agreed that there is a correlation between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and suicidal death among veterans there is no general consensus on what is the best holistic approach to treating TBI despite progress made in this regards. According to (Ryan et. al, 2011) “treatment of active symptoms is currently the recommended practice” among physicians while Sahni et. al, suggested that restoring perfusion and limiting inflammatory and oxidative damage to the brain should be the standard treatment.