Clostridium Botulinum Strain Essay

Botulism is a rare but very serious paralytic illness that is caused by botulinum toxin(potentially deadly neurotoxin) which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The botulinum toxin can enter the body in 3 main ways: by the ingestion of the toxin from eating foods that contain the botulism toxin (food borne botulism), by the contamination of a wound by the bacterium in which the toxin is produced (wound botulism) and Infant botulism which is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release the toxin. The powerful exotoxin (botulinum toxin) leads to secretory diarrhea. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are therefore considered to be

Clostridium difficile is a particularly challenging and difficult infection to control. Because Clostridium difficile spores can live on dry surfaces for long periods of time, teaching must include the importance of cleaning surfaces and

Foodborne Botulism Geographic’s have been reported in 46 states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, DC. Most Outbreaks come from western states like California, Washington, Colorado, Oregon and Alaska. More than the half of the reported cases from foodborne Botulism since 1950. The Native population of Alaska has a distinctive issues with food borne Botulism. With

Clostridium difficile, also known as C. diff, is a bacterium that causes severe symptoms, including inflammation of the colon, which can be life threatening (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). It is a very common infection that affects hundreds of thousands in the United States alone. If not caught and treated early, it can be deadly. I kills thousands of people in the United States every year (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). It is extremely important to learn the signs and symptoms of this infection so treatment can begin as early as possible.

Clostridium difficile was discovered and isolated from neonates in 1935. It was initially considered a component of the fecal flora of newborns and not thought to be pathogenic (Keessen, Gaastra, & Lipman, 2010). The history of C. diff and other antibiotic resistant pathogens are closely related with the history of antibiotics. The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin by Alexander Fleming while working with Staphylococcus. With this discovery, a surge of natural and synthetic drugs was discovered to treat bacterial infections. During the 1970s, clindamycin and cephalosporins were highly used as an effective antibiotic against bacterial infection but at the same time disrupted the normal, healthy bowel flora, allowing C.

Many different diseases are caused by different species in the Clostridium genus, including tetanus, botulism, and gangrene ("Clostridium."). But perhaps the worst, but least publicly recognized, is Clostridium difficile, or CDI. This disease affects 500,000 people every year in the US alone, and of those infected, around 6% died within the first month of being infected (“Healthcare-Associated Infections.”). CDI is a gastrointestinal infection. It is found in soil, water, processed meat, and human and animal feces, but once the bacteria has reached a surface, it can linger there for months. If people touch a surface with CDI with their hands, they can then accidentally ingest it, leading to a potential CDI infection. Certain people are at much

Fecal Transplantation more effective than an additional course of first line Vancomycin and Metronidazole antibiotic treatment?: A Literature Review

Clostridium difficile has infected up to 500,000 people in the United States every year. Clostridium difficile is a bacterial infection it can cause diarrhea and also a fever. It has also caused death among people. There has been a recorded 14,000 deaths from Clostridium difficile a year.

Clostridium difficile or otherwise known as C.diff. is a life threating infection that can cause a wide range of symptoms. Patients can experience anything from diarrhea to inflammation of the colon that can lead to death. In the past few years, Clostridium difficile infection rates have increased here in the United States causing great concern about the effectiveness of current treatments. For the past fifty years, the medical community has been investigating other areas for better treatment options.

Chapter 9 of the literature shows the spread of bacteria called E. Coli 0157:H7 as well as its negative effects. E. Coli 0157:H7 was found in the beef and 25 million pounds had already been eaten. The food poisoning was spreading rapidly and 200,000 people got sick. Schlosser claimed that since there is bad in the meat that is why people are getting an ill eating hamburger. Americans were getting afraid and constantly people were getting infected, especially children, elderly, and people with impaired immune systems. According to the literature,“...progressed to diarrhea that filled a hospital toilet with blood… drilling holes in his skull to relieve pressure, inserting tubes in his chest to keep him breathing, as Shia toxins destroyed his

Clostridium perfringens are bacteria that produce harmful toxins to humans. Clostridium perfringens and its toxins are found everywhere in the environment, including soil, dust and, animals. but human infection is most likely to come from eating food that is contaminated with Clostridium perfringens in it. Food poisoning from Clostridium perfringens is very common, but is typically not too severe, and is often mistaken for the “24-hour flu”.

difficile to treat host from this pathogen. They use C. difficile strains, plasmids and conjugal transfer system to conjugate C. difficile gene. C. difficile strain 630 and VPI 10463was used and they first grew it anaerobically in Brain Heart Infusion media or it can be grown on an OXOID agar with 0.5% yeast extract and 0.1% cysteine, BHIS (2013). They also grew the bacteria in modified HySoy Medium by fermentation of 4-81. They then designed synthetic TcdA and TcdB genes using double allelic substitutions in GT catalytic site residues and used 630 toxin genome sequence for the recombinant genes (Donald, et. al, 2013). After synthesis TcdA and TcdB genes with their full length was subcloned as 8.1 kb and 7.1 kb NdeI-BlII fragments into pMTL84123 vector and E.coli strain Stb12 was the recombinant plasmid used (Donald, et. al, 2013). PCR was done using 5’ and 3’ flanking ends of the sites NotI and NdeI RE. Toxin A and B mutants was further mutated to modify or revert the toxins by site-directed mutagenesis using internal 2.5 kb NdeI-HindIII or 3.3 kb NdeI-EcoNI fragment subclones (Donald, et. al, 2013). Clostridim difficile was then conjugated by conjugal transfer of plasmids from E.coli and centrifugation was done to harvest the bacteria (Donald, et. al, 2013). Transformation that appeared on the media or agar was purified onto a BHIS agar and tested genetically modified toxins (Donald, et. al, 2013).

Spot checks done in two laboratories led to concerns about correct shipment and containment of organisms. This resulted in similar checks in several other labs and eventually to the suspension of production, handling and shipping of these viruses across nine laboratories. However, what no one knew until Thursday was that the Bubonic plague was among the organisms being tested and possibly incorrectly handled. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) had found several concerns about the shipment of these organisms, but at the moment there is nothing to suggest that the public or workers in these labs are at risk. The Army claims that the black plague was not a fully virulent strain, though that is still being confirmed by the CDC. They also state that the virus was immediately and properly contained, though further investigation is

The Clostridium botulinum bacteria that enters the body stops nerve endings from comunicating with muscles. One of the symptoms of botulism is weakness. So with the nerve damage that Kelly's body was reseving it could have been bad enough that the signals could not reach the diaphragm. The nerve ending send the signals that tell your diaphram to move to help you breath. If those signals are stopped from making contact with the diaphram it just stops working.

Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria retain a crystal violet stain in their thick peptidoglycan. C. tetani are bacillus-shaped organisms. Typically bacillus shaped organisms are shaped like rods, however, C. tetani, although bacillus, tend to have a drumstick-like shape. This drumstick shaping is due to terminal spores formed by the bacteria. Spores are dormant forms of an organism. The spores germinate and swell within the cell, imparting the bacteria’s drumstick shape.1 Clostridium tetani are also anaerobic, meaning that they cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. The organisms are very sensitive to heat, however, the spores that they produce can become rather resistant to heat and antiseptics.2 C.