Cloth Surrogate Mother

I read an article that was published on The Hasting Center Journal, called “The Case Against Surrogate Parenting”, by Herbert Krimmel, Krimmel takes a stand against surrogate motherhood arrangements because of the many ethical issues it causes, he argues surrogate motherhood, is a financial profit, there can be conflicts during the process, and is designed to separate in the mind of the surrogate mother. First, Krimmel argues that the reason a woman often or always undertakes the pregnancy is because of the money motive. He states, “The cause of this dissociation is some other benefit she will receive, most often money.' In other words, her desire to create a child is born of some motive other than the desire to be a parent. This separation

In the 1950’s, Harlow conducted a study using monkeys and surrogate mothers made of artificial materials. He did various tests with the monkeys in which eight monkeys were assigned to either a cloth or wire mother. Both surrogate mothers fed their monkeys, provided heat and had the same shape. The only difference was what they were

a. Harry Harlow – surrogate mother experiment pg.111 must read and notes contact and comfort

Surgery in Primates (Guillermo 38). Taub began experimentation on monkeys before they were born. The pregnant monkeys were anesthetized and the infants were cut from the uterus. The nerves were cut out, a plastic prosthesis was inserted to replace removed vertebrae, and they were placed back into the womb. Eighty percent of the infants died (37).

The experiment involved separating infant rhesus monkeys from their mother and providing a surrogate made of either soft cloth or wire (Harlow, 1958). The infant monkeys were not physically harmed, but the stress from open-field tests and the effect on attachment is emotionally harmful. This experiment would never be ethical on human children because it involves separating the child from their mother and experimenting with their attachment and love of their parent. It is also questionable if the actions and reactions of the rhesus monkeys can be directly applied to humans. Harlow claims that the bonding and affection responses of the monkeys and humans are the same, yet I believe there should be more research to compare the responses of humans versus those of rhesus monkeys. After all, one cannot apply the actions and responses of dogs to those of cats, even though biologically they too are rather

In the middle of the twentieth century, Harry and Margaret Harlow began to study the effects of body contact in terms of developmental attachment. Their breakthrough experiments involved infant monkeys separated from their mother near birth and raised in cages with two surrogate mothers: one a wire cylinder and the other wrapped in terry cloth. After varying such details as location of the feeding bottle, rocking, and warmth, the Harlows were startled to find that the monkeys bonded much more closely to the cloth mother, regardless of whether or not "she" provided the food. (Myers, 2011, pp. 149-151). In parallel to Harlow's monkeys was Victor, found in the forests of France in 1800, when he became the first feral child to be successfully restored to society as well as scientifically studied by Parisian doctor Jean Marc Itard. Followed by children of many ages hailing from the abandoned flats of the Ukraine to the urbanized and bustling streets of Los Angeles, CA, feral children were defined by their lack of human care, usually because of abusive or irresponsible parents. Such isolation from their own society often resulted in resorting to animals, especially dogs, for love and warmth, and to wild, abnormal behavior. None were able to completely and certainly bounce back from their cruel circumstances, a fact shown in their lack of humanity, as Itard defined it, in one of two areas: emotional empathy or liguistic communication. ("Wild Child The Story Of Feral Children

Surrogate mothers have been the topic of many controversies, regarding how ethical it is. As many know surrogate mothers are women who bear a child for another woman (Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers, 2196-2204). There has been many sides to this argument, deciding whether it was ethical or unethical. Some people have chosen to support this type of medical practice, while others have shun it away completely arguing against it’s inhumane ways.

Primates have very defined parenting habits when compared to some other animals in the mammal classification. For starters parents in the primate category show a large amount of investment in their offspring that is unparalleled by other species in the mammal category. Some primates even go as far to show family qualities, where a father has a part in raising a child, where as in other mammal it is usually left up to the mother alone to take care and provide for a child. Scientist and Psychologist Harry Harlow conducted a study to examine the level of bond that is created in a primate mother/child relationship. His studies found that there is a strong need for primate children to have the physical and emotional bond of their mothers, and this bond is crucial for development.

At the time, it was said that love began as a feeding bond with the mother and applied by extension to other family members. Other theories claimed that humans and other social animals lived in organized societies simply to help with sexual contact. Starting in 1957, Harlow worked with rhesus monkeys. The reason behind why he chose this specific type of breed was because the monkeys that they were utilizing were more mature at birth than humans, but like human babies show a range of emotions and needed to be nursed. During the experimentations, he took infant monkeys away from their real mothers and gave them instead two artificial mothers. One of the models were made

The subject in this paper is a mother of two who did not breastfeed her first child.

Further into the research when the terry cloth surrogate got taken out of the cage the monkeys would become highly distressed. The findings of Harlow’s research proved that Bowlbys contention was right, the infant parent bond was based on inmate tendencies and not cupboard love, as when the surrogate mother was placed in the cage with no milk the babies would still be attached. Harlow’s study and research went on for 20 years in which the experiments took on a disturbing unethical approach. He started breeding monkeys and keeping them in separate cages with no visual or physical access to the outside world, ‘when the isolation-reared monkeys grew up, they developed into highly socially disturbed adults” (Discovering Psychology, chapter 5, pg. 209). Influenced by human attachment to abusive parents Harlow wanted to find out if an abusive surrogate would break the attachment, a nasty surrogate mum was used and a blast of cold air from the surrogate was used, violent enough to throw the baby monkey against the bars of the cage. ‘Despite this abuse, the baby monkeys continued to cling and maintain proximity to their monstrously abusive surrogate mother’ (Discovering

During the 1960s, you created various controversial experiments regarding the basis of love and affection by showing the catastrophic effects of depriving young monkeys from their mothers. Your experiments were quite unethical and devastatingly cruel, but overall it gave science a fundamental base for understanding child development. In your experiment you constructed two surrogate mothers, one made out of wire who dispensed milk, and the other who was also made out of wire but covered with soft terry cloth. Your observation was that the young monkeys would choose the cloth mother over the mother who provided food, but my question to you is why, instead of using primates, why did you not use less complex organisms? And if you had already collected

When Harlow separate the infant monkey he given them a lose diaper. When Harlow and his team went in to clean the loose diper they discovered that the monkeys would not want to be detached from the loses diaper. Harlow soon became infused with a theory that love does not exist to be wrong. Harlow's theory was the best way to understand the heart was to break it. Harlow created two segregated mothers one that was a wire mother that feed the monkey and other that was the same but with a cloth attached to the wire. With the experiment trial he had one monkey with the wire and other monkey with the cloth mother. Harlow put a test to the infant monkeys by putting both of the segregated mothers side by side to see which mother the monkey would go to. At first the monkey would run towards the wire mother to feed then run towards the cloth mother to cuddle. Harlow soon understood that the monkeys sought out physical contact and attachment. He then put out to the public that in order to have healthy babies you have to show affection and physical contact. Since it was in the 1950s mothers were taught to not show affection towards their child especially boys. He also put the monkeys in a little room with nick nacks like a toy bear that played drums and other objects. He would soon then put the monkeys into theses rooms without the segregated mother to study their behavior with out there mother in a unknown area. He then put a monkey in a unknow room with the cloth mother with similar objects. The monkeys without the segregated mother sat in the corner and cried verse the monkeys with the cloth mother in the room eventually explored the room. The one thing that Harlow did not expect was his experimented monkeys to have psychological problems. When these monkeys would be in rooms to socialize the monkeys that were raised by segregated

At the University of Wisconsin, cruel and immoral experiments are being conducted on newborn baby monkeys to provide doctors with further understanding of anxiety disorders and the effects it has on the cognitive features of the brain. The experiments involve restraining the monkey from their mother and placing them in solitary confinement where they await for the harsh grasp of rubber gloves from scientists, and the cold insertion of a needle under their skin. Filled with drugs, the monkeys are then exposed to a variety of stress provoking stimuli, such as live snakes, painful biopsies, and epileptic-inducing brain scans. This puts so much stress on the monkeys’ little bodies that they usually do not live past the age of two. However, those that survive will still have to live with the traumatic experiences and deprivation of their mothers, which usually resorts them to self-mutilation and going into shock. Regardless, the doctors have it in their plans to kill them even if they do survive. I do not think that this is morally permissible because any living being capable of feeling pain, should not be exposed to it as soon as birth, and it should not be the only thing ever felt in only two years of existence.

Surrogacy is arrangement in which a woman is hired to carry and give birth to a child who will then be given to another couple or person. The child is usually related to the birth mother, but in some cases, may be related to the surrogate mother. Maria Trimarchi (2008) from a health article on infertility, informs readers of the “two types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational”. With traditional surrogacy, the surrogate mother 's egg is utilized and then fertilized and this makes her the genetic mother of the child. In gestational surrogacy, the egg is provided by the intended mother or a donor (Trimarchi, 2008). The egg is fertilized through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and then placed inside the surrogate mother (Cheung, 2014).