Cnidarian Hydra Research Paper

Many of us have all heard the saying that a “lizard can lose its tail,” and bizarrely enough it will grow back. This was always considered impossible for humans, an idea belonging in the realm of science fiction, but now the regeneration of tissue is an extremely realistic possibility. Despite some opinions, this process does not happen naturally, or take place as cinematically as one might imagine. Over the past decade, there have been major advances in regenerative medicine, commonly known as stem cell research. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that have the capability to specialize into any tissue. They are most commonly found in cord blood, bone marrow, organ donations, placenta, and embryos . Stem cells are seen by some as a new miracle treatment, encouraging many countries to invest in their research.

Adaptive radiation of different organisms have occurred throughout geological time through the filling of ecological niches. Organisms different from one another are capable of radiating greatly, as they evolve traits that allow them to thrive better in their environment. The Anolis lizards of the Caribbean islands are a great example of a single genus to have radiated not once, but multiple times through very similar mechanisms. Different populations of the Anolis phenotypically vary in their morphological traits to facilitate adaptation to particular niches. These phenotypic variations have evolved in convergence in more than one occasion, as recently discovered fossil specimens show similar patterns in morphology to modern Anolis.

Cyntoia Brown is a 16 years old girl sentenced to life in prison for killing a man named Johnny Allen. Brown reasoning for killing the man was because she felt that he was going to kill her because of the way he was acting and the guns that he owned was visible on the bed. In addition, she knew that if he was to kill her, she did not have a gun and there was no way that her family would ever know what happened to her. Some background about this girl Cyntoia Brown was that when she was born, not even two years later her mother Georgina Mitchell gave her up for adoption due to her drug and alcohol problems. Brown has experienced some hardship growing up and has done all sorts of things to feel wanted and accepted. She was found guilty, tried

All animals with limbs have a common design. If a batwing were to be formed from a person’s hand, make the fingers extremely long; a horse elongates the middle fingers and reduce and lose the outer ones; frogs elongate the bones of the leg and fuse several of them together. All in all, despite radical changes in what limbs do and what they look like, this underlying blueprint is always present.

1. During eight year old Jim Morris’s shark attack surgeons had to mark five major organ systems for reattachment surgery. The five major organs include the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, the skeletal system, the integumentary system, and the muscular system. The cardiovascular system is mainly responsible for transporting oxygen which essential in the body, fighting diseases and infections, the transportation of hormones, excreting waste, and transporting nutrients. Secondly, the nervous system which is made up of the brain, the brain stem, and spinal cord is significant because it functions as a major receptive community. The nervous system three main functions is sensory input of information

Describe the series of events that occur in skin, which is healing with the help of a skin graft?

One of the ideas from “The Many-Headed Hydra” was the importance of the mob in the earlier periods prior to the actual revolution. These mobs were composed of those who were considered as outside of the power of the wealthy, however, they were regarded as those with no importance. Mobs were crucial to the effective protests against the Stamp Act, the Townshend Revenue Act, the increased power of the British customs service, the Quartering Act, the Tea Act, the ‘Intolerable Acts’, and therefore in the revolutionary rupture itself. However, they represented an extremist element which was actually in defiance to the powerful (Jefferson, Washington, Hamilton etc.…). Unfortunately we were given in “The Many-Headed Hydra” one of struggles, rebellions

A Chrysalis is “a sheltered state or stage of being or growth”. In the novel, The Chrysalids, John Wyndham portrays a society so secluded from the world that it remains stagnant. Waknuk has such an extreme belief system and those beliefs have been drilled in the minds of the people in Waknuk. It created a society full of convergent thinkers. They believe their ways are the only true way.

In come a stem cell which is an immature cell that can become a different cell, or even transform into one of many different cells. Most stem cells can also renew or divide themselves indefinitely. These two characteristics are what present a new pathway to repairing damage to the human body caused by trauma, degeneration and disease. Stem cells keep on generating in the body and take place of the cells which have died such as in a spinal cord injury. The process of using stem cells for spinal cord injury is controversial for some and involves taking one’s own bone marrow or a donated human umbilical cord. A licensed anesthesiologist harvests bone marrow from both hips under light general anesthesia in a hospital operating room, the procedure takes about one and half to two hours. The bone marrow-derived stem cells have to pass rigorous testing for quality and to ensure there is not bacterial contamination before they are administered to the patient. In the same fashion

In order to get stem cells from embryos, the embryo must be destroyed, and many people view this as killing a human, making it immoral. These embryonic cells can be given different tasks such as making a specific organ, and this is how different body parts can be made. Stem cells have been published in newspapers since 1998, but no institute or company invested money or time into stem cells until 2001, when the Canadian Institute of Health Sciences decided to fund the research of stem cells. Stem cells have three general properties, which are being capable of dividing and renewing for long periods, they have to be unspecialized, and they have to be able to give rise to specialized cells (NIH 3). Stem cells are unspecialized cells in embryos and umbilical cords that can be modified using signals in order to make specialized cells which then have the ability form into various different body parts such as livers, kidneys, hearts, and other major organs. The process of when an unspecialized stem cell turns into a specialized stem cell is called differentiation (NIH 1). In order for unspecialized stem cells to become specialized, one of the two types of signals should be used. The first signal is called internal. Internal signals occur inside a cell by its own genes, which are encoded on strands of DNA. The second signal is called external and this is possible with external support such as chemicals, physical contact, or other molecules in the

The stem cells that regenerate a frog tail and a salamander limb have very different properties of stem cells. In these animals, each tissue – such as muscle, nerve, or skin – has its own set of stem cells that just make the different types of cells in that particular tissue. In other words, a muscle stem cell cannot make skin and skin stem cells can’t make muscle. These multipotent tissue-specific stem cells are probably very similar to the stem cells in our own bodies that renew or repair tissues such as our skin or muscle. How do these regenerative animals regrow such complex structures? The answer may be closer than we

regenerate, to sprout a new limb or change its growth direction if it should be cut

Epimorphic regeneration occurs when a limb is regenerated that contains the blastema at the wounded site. Theblastema will eventually regenerate the lost tissue. Epimorphic regeneration can also be reffered to add on regenration, where old cells provide the origin for the regeneration of the tissue that was lost. In the other type of regeneration a blastama is not formed at the wound site. This causes regeneration to occur with drastic rearrangement of any remaining tissue. The regeneration is classified based on whether the blastema is formed near the wound site or not.

Pangolins are the most illegally trafficked animal in the world. Animal trafficking can cause many different animals to go extinct. Pangolins are mostly hunted for scales and meat. They are the only Mammals that have scales. They are going extinct from being hunted.

Frogs, toads, caecilians, and salamanders are the members of the class Amphibian (amphi- meaning “on both sides” and bios- meaning “life”). These members always require water for reproduction. Most Amphibians undergo metamorphosis, which is a usually degenerative pathological change in the structure of a particular body tissue. And, in the case of Amphibians, it is the changing of a tadpole into