Coacervates Lab

* Keep pigments and solutions away from your eyes, wash your hands carefully after coming in contact with any solutions or pigments, and clean up spills with soap and water immediately after they occur.

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

HYDROCHLORIC ACID IS A CORROSIVE SUBSTANCE WHICH CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO SKIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES. IT HAS STRONG VAPORS. WEAR GOGGLES AND AN APRON. YOUR TEACHER WILL SHOW YOU HOW TO POUR THE ACID SAFELY. IF YOU SPILL ACID ON YOURSELF, WASH IT OFF WITH LOTS OF RUNNING WATER. A FEW DROPS SPILLED ON THE LAB BENCH CAN BE CLEANED UP WITH A PAPER TOWEL. A LARGE SPILL SHOULD BE NEUTRALIZED WITH BAKING SODA, AND THE RESULTING NEUTRAL SUBSTANCE CAN THEN BE WASHED INTO THE SINK WITH A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) has risks as it is a corrosive compound. Corrosive compounds, including HCl, can cause injuries such as burning and eating away skin and eyes. To prevent such injuries, do not come into physical contact with HCl. Wear safety glasses, safety gloves and lab clothing.

Stanley Miller started the idea that life could have started when carbon and other ingredients combined. He assembled a contraption made out of flasks and tombs in the lab. He fill one flask with gases to represent Earth's primitive atmosphere and connected that to another flask with water to represent the ocean. He put an electric charge through that.simulated lightning going through early atmosphere. After a couple of day, all this brown goo all over the reaction vessel. He said, now he had amino acids in the vessel. Amino acids are compounds that are form when carbon and other elements linked together. They are building block of protiens and cell, which were vital ingredients of all living things. His experiment showed that life can be formed in the harsh condition of early earth.

When handling the Acid or Base to avoid getting any substance in eyes: Use protective eyewear

In workshop 2, we have substances such as ferric chloride, fine etch crystals and photoresist developer. Whilst handling these substances we must wear protective goggles to avoid any splash or fumes getting in contact with the eyes causing redness, irritation and blurred vision. Gloves and protective clothing to avoid any spillage contacting the skin and causing irritation, burns or pain. We use vapour respirator to avoid any inhalation of any toxic fumes causing coughing or sore throat and wash our hands after handling to avoid indigestion causing abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, shock or collapse.

What is an enzyme? An enzyme is a biological catalyst that can speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. Typically the lower the activation energy the faster the reaction will be. It's made up of a plethora of different types of proteins that forms into a 3D like shape. Enzymes are very important to the human body, because it keeps the chemical activity that undergoes in our body at a low temperature.

Caution – Hydrochloric acid is corrosive to eyes, skin and clothes. Wearing a lab apron, rubber gloves, goggles, and a face shield is essential. Rinse any spills on skin or clothing with plenty of cold water. Clean up spills immediately – ask your instructor for help.

Introduction An enzyme is a catalytic molecule that speeds up reactions to a rate that limits at equilibrium. When a substance is going to have a reaction, it will require a activation energy and the enzyme lower that activation energy. The ability to do this comes from the substrate that the enzyme contains. In the enzyme molecule, there are active sites where it can interact with a substrate and then catalyzes reactions.

Introduction Enzymes can be defined as substances that are produced by act as catalysts and they look to bring a reaction, (Cooper, 2000). Various pH levels affect enzymes. This experiment will show how pH levels affect the enzyme catalase process, (Daniel, Michelle, & Danson, 2010). This experiment will look to measure the acidic fluid.

The purpose of this lab was to investigate how the concentration of ammonia affects the formation of coacervates. It was hypothesized that as the ammonia concentration increase, so will the number of coacervates until it reaches the optimal state, then would start to decrease. For this experiment 4 mL of gum arabic solution (carbohydrate) was mixed with a gelatin solution (protein) and was placed under a microscope to observe the number of coacervates. According to Oparin, combining organic macromolecules would create coacervates. The first run was the control so no ammonia was added but after each run, 2 drops of ammonia was added to see its effect of coacervates. On run 1, 49 coacervates was recorded. This data confirmed Oparin’s theory

Wear safety goggles to protect the eyes from any splashes and wearing gloves is recommended when handling acids and

For example, spilling hydrochloric acid when handling it .Thus, procedures such as wearing gloves and goggles to minimize the risk of being in contact with hydrochloric acid are

One of the main theories is that life started by chemical means in a rock where water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen were all present then with the added effect of lightening simple organic molecules formed the building blocks of life. There was an experiment that was conducted in 1953 by Miller and Urey that supports that the conditions above could stimulate organic compounds to form. *copied “ The Miller-Urey experiment attempts to recreate the chemical conditions of the primitive Earth in the laboratory, and synthesized some of the building blocks of life.