Coagulation And Ballast Focculation System In The Kraft Paper Industry

solids and liquids that were in the solution. The centrifuge was able to do this

Chemical experiments are often described, when they are finished, by the yield or recovery of the target product or solid. Also melting point can be tested to determine purity in a compound. Most times these chemicals are not completely pure so they can be recrystallized to remove the impurities. The technique of recrystallization learned and utilized in this lab works best to remove contaminates from nonvolatile organic solids.1 A solvent is used that dissolves the solid at room temperature and then the impurities can be removed via pipette or other simplified removal process. When all impurities are dissolved and removed, a lattice or an ordered structure in the form of crystals is able to be collected and observed. Some substances cannot be recrystallized with only one solvent. Therefore, two solvents, or solvent pairs, can help dissolve the substance at boiling point only and not room temperature.2 Solvent pairs are able to be dissolved into each other but not anything else effectively. One part of the pair is used to prevent dissolving at room temperature and the other half is used to help dissolve at boiling point. Lastly, activated charcoal is utilized to remove brightly colored impurities from the dissolved solid solutions. The charcoal attracts the impure substances and then is able to be

5. Substances in a mixture can be separated depending on the substances involved. You can use a magnet to separate a magnetic substance form a non-magnetic one, filtering, and evaporation. For example, when I put the

Because of the small size, the particles float on the surface of water and often travel long distances during rainstorms. When there are too many of these sediments, the water

As the water and the flocs particles progress through the treatment process, the move into sedimentation basin where the water moves slowly causing the heavy flocs particles to settle to the bottom of the sedimentation of the basin this is called sludge and is piped to drying lagoons in direct filtration the sedimentation step is not included and the floc is only removed by filtration system

The aim of this experiment is to use separation techniques to separate a mixture containing polystyrene beads, salt, sand, gravel and iron filings.

When a solid and liquid combine together the solid will disappear, or dissolve. The hypothesis is, if the particles in the mixture are more tightly packed, then it will take less time for the mixture to separate, because particles in a suspension

The compounds are separated by collecting aliquots of the column effluent as a function of time.

Quantitative analysis is the determination of an amount present in a variety of settings. On the other hand, qualitative analysis is the determination of non-numerical information about a reaction, such as observing that a reaction results in a color change. There are chemical changes that separate cations and physical separations, such as decanting, where liquid is poured from a solid-liquid mixture, leaving the solid behind. Centrifuging is another separation technique, where a solid is separated from a liquid by whirling the mixture at high speed. A mixture of metal ions in a solution can be separated by a reaction of precipitation and in this experiment, the metal cations of aluminum, nickel, and iron ions will be separated from a solution

As the solvent moves past the spotted mixture, two opposing forces created by the solvent and the adsorbent influence the mixture. Each component can either dissolve in the mobile solvent or remain adsorbed to the stationary adsorbent. This process generates an equilibrium, as some components are adsorbed and others are dissolved and transported with the solvent until they are readsorbed further along the plate. The different tendencies of each component to comply with the subjected forces may result in a successfully separated mixture on the plate.

The black precipitate was allowed to settle and then the supernatant, the clear liquid that lies above a precipitate, was decanted, or poured carefully off. Then, 200 mL of hot distilled water was added and the precipitate was allowed to settle to repeat the decanting process again.

The purpose of this experiment is to obtain isolation of individual species of particles from the mixed culture. This is completed through the isolation technique of streak plate. The objective of this experiment is to replicate the technique of streak plate but on a much larger scale. Because it is on a larger scale the particles are able to be visually observed as they are isolated using the streaking technique as the experiment is conducted. The benefits of the streaking technique is when a cultures has multiple species they are able to be more easily identified once they have been isolated. This experiment is much like the experiments completed on an agar plate but on one a much larger scale and where techniques

Gel-Filtration Chromatography is a commonly used method used in order purify a protein from a mixture, by means of separations. Different biomolecules differ in size, or their molecular weight. In the gel matrix inside the chromatography column, there are gel beads which are porous to allow certain sized molecules to enter. The molecules that are able to enter the pores of the gel, are held in stationary phase and will elute from the column later on, these are usually smaller, to medium sized molecules. Larger molecules that are not able to fit in the pores will elute out of the column first, they are involved in mobile phase where they just go straight through the column without interacting with the gel beads. Smaller molecules will have a higher elution volume, while the larger molecules will have a lower elution volume. The volume to elute the protein is inversely proportional to the molecules size.

The second step of water treatment process is aeration. At the aerator, raw water is mixed with air. The aeration process helps to provide oxygen to the raw water which is needed for the oxidation process of dissolved iron and manganese in order for it to precipitate and therefore enables its removal through filtration (SAJ Holdings Sdn Bhd., n.d.). Wormleaton and Tsang (2000) stated that for water treatment process and also natural streams, it is essential to maintain a high amount of dissolved oxygen. Aeration also provides the escape of dissolved gases, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide to reduce the corrosiveness of water, thus controls the tastes and odors of the water (Shun, 2007). Groundwater with high dissolved carbon dioxide levels or high concentrations of iron and manganese commonly require aeration as well as water drawn from reservoirs that is low in dissolved oxygen.

The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following sections of this chapter.