Codeine Research Paper

Codeine is a narcotic, and this common opioid that has been administered for a long as we can remember. It is used for acute pain relief and could give a feeling of euphoria “a high” as well as a degree of sedation. With many prescription drugs, they carry some risk and they include side effects such as constipation and nausea and drowsiness (Canada, 2009) (Addiction.com, 2011).

In most cases the reactions are mild and if they do occur then first-hand you should consult the medicine box/bottle/DOMAR where it will state any possible side effects on the leaflet or possibly on the main label ir you see on some pain medication ‘’Caution-May make sleepy do not operate heavy machinery’’ etc.

Analgesics: i.e. Codeine, used for pain relief, side effects can be light-headedness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, and sedation. Codeine can also cause allergic reactions, symptoms of which include constipation, abdominal pain, rash and itching.

Cetirizine is known for allergies, such as hay fever, treats the symptoms of inching, runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing. Side effects dizziness, drowsiness, tired feeling, dry mouth, sore throat, coughs, feeling sick, constipation, headache.

Possible side effects: “dry mouth, sedation, blurred vision (disturbance of accommodation, increased intra-ocular pressure), constipation, nausea, difficulty with micturition; cardiovascular side-effects (such as ECG changes, arrhythmias, postural hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, particularly with high doses); sweating, tremor, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions (including urticaria, photosensitivity), behavioural disturbances (particularly children), hypomania or mania, confusion or delirium (particularly elderly), headache, interference with sexual function, blood sugar changes; increased appetite and weight gain (occasionally weight loss); endocrine side-effects such as testicular enlargement, gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea; also convulsions (see also Cautions), movement disorders and dyskinesias, dysarthria, paraesthesia, taste disturbances, tinnitus, fever, agranulocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia

Narcotic analgesics, especially morphine are underused for pain control with in the medical field. This underuse is because medical professionals, including doctors, fear patient addiction, side effects and possible lose of their licenses. These fears deny adequate healing and a better quality of life to those who would benefit from a more effective use of these drugs, as done in hospice care.

Some of the acute side effects of diphenhydramine are dry eyes, day-time drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, or constipation. Diphenhydramine can also cause increased chest congestion, nervousness, loss of appetite, vomiting, headache, muscle weakness, and excitement(mostly in children (Diphenhydramine, nih.gov). Some of the chronic side effects of diphenhydramine are vision loss, difficulty urinating or painful urination, and thickening of bronchial secretions. If any of the acute side effects became too severe or did not go away, a doctor would need to be contacted because that could lead to hypersensitivity, nervous system, cardiovascular, or gastrointestinal problems. Once any of the chronic side effects became present after or during the use of diphenhydramine a doctor should be contacted immediately to prevent anymore damage to the individual’s

Being forgetful, slurred speech, feeling sad or empty, relaxed and calm, loss of interest or pleasure, sleepiness or unusual drowsiness, lack of appetite, clumsiness or unsteadiness, feeling tired, trouble concentrating and less common side effects would be things like cough, dark urine, diarrhea, blurred vision, body aches or pain, shaking or shivering , nausea, seizers and the list goes on.

Some side effects will need medical attention, although they are not an emergency. Keep in contact with your doctor to help monitor the effects of

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

Higher-than-recommended doses of some over the counter (OTC) cough syrups produce psychoactive (mind altering) effects in which cause them to be abused. Two commonly abused cough syrups include dextromethorphan and promethazine-codeine. Several OTC cold medicines contain dextromethorphan, a cough suppressant and expectorant. When taken in amounts exceeding the recommended dose, it may produce euphoria, dissociation and/or hallucinations. Whereas, promethazine-codeine contains codeine, an opioid that serves a role in cough suppression, as well as promethazine HCl, an antihistamine that produces sedation. When taken in higher-than recommended doses, it may produce relaxation and euphoria.

The most common use is for cough syrup (4). There are many controversies surrounding the topic of codeine, including using an alternative for post-surgery recovery (6). However, when studies were done, it was found that the effects of codeine when compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs containing caffeine were significantly more effective in reducing pain. Although, after 3 days, caffeine was found to reduce more swelling (6). Therefore codeine is more efficient for reducing pain because the opioid painkillers act like endorphins, natural pain-reducing chemicals, found in the brain and spinal cord (6). Codeine can be found in liquid form in cough syrups or in solid form as painkiller

These combination codeine medicines, which is a type of opioid, are produced to provide pain relief for headache, back pain, dental pain and post-surgical pain and for management of cold and flu symptoms. When taken in large dosages above the recommended amount, these drugs can affect the brain similarly to illegal drugs and hence produce relaxation and euphoria (National Institute on Drug abuse 2014). Therefore, there are now growing concerns over abuse and dependency due to increased access and availability of these drugs (Shaheed, Maher & McLachlan

Atrazine is a herbicide of the triazene class. It is used to prevent pre and postemergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. Also, made in a lab and not naturally.

If you want to use Clonodine, consult a doctor first. Most common side effects of Clonodine include dizziness, dry mouth, weakness, constipation, drowsiness, unusual tiredness. More severe ones are allergic reactions, a slow heart rate, and very high or very low blood pressure. The drugs can also affect the ability to drive or operate a machinery.