Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the proper treatment for people diagnosed with PTSD. And the alternatives that could be assessed for treatment.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a depressive disorder are conditions that may last a lifetime for individuals who have undergone significant life changing events. One life changing event in particular, includes violence amongst intimate partners. Individuals who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and later develop symptoms of depression and or PTSD have an increased risk for future IPV occurrences. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown positive results in improving symptoms of PTSD and depressive disorder, but the use of CBT has not been explored in regards to reducing the risk of IPV prevalence amongst these individuals.

Cognitive based theory (CBT) is used for women that have experienced rape CBT focuses on talking and changing the negative ways that the client is feeling. By learning to retrain themselves and think in more of a positive way. CBT is also beneficial in helping the clients learn to pick up on negative thoughts and decrease them. When the client accomplishes this, they can decrease their overall depression and anxiety after the trauma. CBT is a great technique for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which many raped women have been diagnosed with during treatment.

Lucy Berliner spoke about at a sexual abuse at Penn State University. She stated that Berliner stated that “you can be affected, without being ruined”, I feel that it is a statement that can be used as a power tool for victims of abuse. It does not matter what happens to you in the past as long as you have the will and determination to live through it. Ms. Berliner explained that there are many different psychological outcomes of victimization stating that 70% with PTSD has some form of depression. Treatment for Trauma includes Trauma Focused CBTs which work all over the world for adults and children, with 80-85% of individuals benefiting from multi-traumas and diverse ethnic/racial backgrounds.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is classified as an anxiety disorder that can develop after an individual has observed and/or experienced an extreme traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to one’s self or another (APA, 2000). An extreme traumatic event can include, but is not limited to, military combat, terrorist attacks, natural or manmade disasters, sexual assault, physical assault, robbery, and torture (APA, 2000). The type of traumatic event could influence the way in which medical and mental health care professionals assess, conceptualize, and subsequently treat the individuals with a PTSD diagnosis. For this reason, sexual

Existing controlled examinations of intervention efficacy specific to only sexual assault and rape are presently minimal in comparison to intervention examinations of combination or other types of trauma (Regehr, Alaggia, Dennis, Pitts, & Saini, 2013). Psychotherapeutic interventions that fail to differentiate sexual assault and rape victims from other types of trauma victims may decrease the treatment effectiveness or inadvertently harm participants in this subgroup. Trauma associated from rape or sexual assault differs from other forms of trauma and treatment efficacy should be examined in this manner. Trauma from rape or sexual assault entail symptoms of PTSD, depression, suicidal ideations and sexual dysfunction. Individuals may also indicate feelings of vulnerability, loss of control, fear, shame, self-blame, societal blame and stigma (Russell & Davis, 2007; Regehr et al., 2013; Ullman &Peter-Hagene, 2014). This research proposal intends to explore the long term effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE) at reducing distress and trauma explicitly for adult victims of sexual assault and rape.

Currently available treatment for PTSD other than Prolonged Exposure (PE) include, Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). CPT is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that was originally developed in 1992 for women to treat PTSD resulting from sexual assault and is based on the information processing theory of PTSD (Resick et al. 2002). The theory simply suggests that the probability of PTSD occurring arises from a person’s ability to process information, or more specifically the traumatic event (Buckley et al., 2000; Shapiro 2007). CPT consists of cognitive therapy and exposure, and is a treatment that reduces symptoms of PTSD by teaching patients to face and change harmful beliefs relating

Cognitive processing therapy and group present centered therapy sessions occurred twice a week for six weeks (Resick et al. 2015). Therapist followed up with their patients approximately six months and one year following treatment. Results of the study indicate both methods of therapy are effective at reducing PTSD; however, group cognitive processing therapy yielded better results. Only during one point in the therapy did PTSD symptoms drastically increase for patients receiving group cognitive processing therapy, during the discussions about the specific event. Once this portion of the counseling completed, patients PTSD improved exponentially. Although this method of therapy yielded impressive results, it is not without limitations. One of the more prominent limitations of this method of therapy is that each counseling session is rigidly scheduled. Each session has a purpose, which builds to the completion of an overarching program. Therefore, missing one critical session could render the therapy ineffective.

The treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through cognitive and Exposure therapies is one of the most effective ways to treat and help patients cope with past traumas. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) consists of the therapist first putting the patient into a very calm state through breathing and relaxation exercises. They then challenge the negative thoughts and ideas about past events. Specifically, trying to “decatastrophize his/her interpretations of intrusive recollections” (Paunovic, & Ost, 2001). This involves challenging faulty thinking and thoughts connected with a certain catastrophic event. This learned uncoupling of negative thoughts attached to those events is the core to cognitive therapy. Exposure therapy

Litz et al. (2015) and Shubina (2015) stated early psychological intervention effectively reduces the symptoms of chronic PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR) has been reported to be the most effective form of evidenced-based psychological intervention to reduce PTSD symptoms (Roberts et al., 2010). Roberts et al. (2010) also reported an increasing number of attempts are being made “to develop interventions that might mitigate against the effects of trauma and prevent the onset of chronic PTSD” (p. 3). Furthermore, Domar and Prince (2011) stated many studies had repeatedly shown psychosocial interventions reduced the distress in a woman undergoing

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of therapy where “challenging problematic beliefs, ensuring an increase in pleasant activities, and providing extended exposure to places or activities that trigger avoidance and/or arousal so that these responses are gradually diminished (Vinci, Coffey, & Torquiest, 2015, p. 233). CBT allows the therapist to question the patient’s beliefs that lead to specific actions and then the consequences of those actions. The therapist challenging the problematic beliefs can help provide symptom relief or the ability to better understand the way their thinking or actions can lead to negative thoughts or behaviors. Vinci et al. (2015) reported that “two types of CBT have been found to be particularly effective in

These studies also suggest more sessions and more intervention time, are correlated to better outcomes (Arroyo, et al., 2017) .The participants in treatment seemed to have the greatest results in decreased PTSD symptoms, increased self-esteem, decreased symptoms of depression and general distress, and increases in life functioning (Arroyo, et al., 2017). Arroyo et al. (2017) argue that in order to see the best results, treatment should be IPV adapted, it is recommended to use CBT-based treatments and interpersonal therapy. Currently, HCWC offers CBT-based interventions but there are limited times available for counseling sessions, and with more clients being served, there will be a greater need for counseling services. The research also

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy which focuses on the role of cognition to alter the expression of emotion and behaviours. It is an intervention that uses performance-based procedures and structured sessions with cognitive intervention techniques with the goal of symptom, depression reduction and improvement in functioning. To achieve this goal, patients become active participants to test and challenge validity of their maladaptive cognitions and modify their behavioural patterns. The purpose of CBT is for patients to acquire new self-management skills that can be applied in their everyday life situations. Currently, cognitive reframing and behavioural activation are the two cornerstones of CBT. Cognitive behavioural

Although the authors describe the treatment of female rape victims, they make a point to encourage the clinician to develop specific treatment programs for individuals who suffer PTSD from other traumas. Because patients differ in why they suffer, they offer guidelines for choosing a treatment program based on the varieties of dysfunctional beliefs held by patients with PTSD.

However, Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is a psychosocial treatment modality that is supported by evidence to be effective and appropriate for children and youth ages 3-18 years old “across racial and ethnic minorities” (Racco & Vis, 2015, p. 124). Research has found that TF-CBT makes significant improvement with symptoms of PTSD, depression, shame, behavior problems (Racco & Vis, 2015). However, some research argues that CBT does not address all levels of functioning affected by trauma exposure, such as neurological and physical functioning (Racco & Vis,