Cognitive Social Learning Theories

The state of Kansas is one of only three states to enact comprehensive social and emotional learning standards with developmental benchmarks in K-12 education, (Dusenbury, Weissberg, Goren and Domitrovich, 2014), and it has also tied those standards to college readiness. The Kansas State Department of Education (KSDE) lists The Kansas social, emotional, and character development model standards aligned to Kansas college and career readiness standards (2012). Among these standards is the ability to “Identify multiple techniques to manage stress and maintain confidence” (KSDE, 2012). In order for stress management and confidence strategies to be taught, the students, teacher, and education system as a whole, must make it a priority instead of assuming that students will develop the skills on their own.

Social learning theory, developed by Bandura, discusses how people learn from one another through observation, modeling, and imitation bridging an individual’s attention, memory and motivation. Social learning theory identifies the importance of cognition, observable behavior, individual self-efficacy, and the extent of how the events surrounding an individual affect them; their locus of control. Social learning theory also looks at individual problem behavior being influenced by positive or negative reinforcement (Ashford & LeCroy, 2012).

Behaviouristic theories of learning are essentially theories of conditioning and emphasize the role of reinforcement in learning. One of the mot predominant theories is Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, which assumes that. People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors which is called observational learning, that is an indirect form of learning known as vicarious learning and indirect forms of reinforcement which is called vicarious reinforcement .Bandura renamed SLT as social cognitive theory to accommodate the ever increasing importance in his thinking of cognitive factors .SLT has also

The Social Learning Theory is best defined as crime is learned through associations with others who commit crimes. Juveniles are very impressionable or gullible, wherein they want to be popular or part of the in-crowd or clique. In comparison to the 1970’s versus today, juveniles are emulating criminals depicted on television not just through associations. Consider the current state of technology, specifically the internet and websites such as “You Tube.” With respect to crime and juvenile delinquents, You Tube is and can be a negative influence. In addressing the topics of associations and crime, the Columbine massacre, as well as the current school shootings, can be attributed to the Social Learning Theory.

Albert Bandura a Canadian psychologist that was curious to know whether or not humans learn through the actions of others (Berk, 2013, p.14). The social learning theory brings up the question whether, playing violent video games or watching violent films can provoke being violent. Charles Darwin a British naturalist observed an endless change among animal species and plants. He noticed, it’s impossible for an animal to be completely identical as another animal of the same species. Darwin found that early prenatal development is similar in various species, while other scientists doubted Darwin’s theory. This led to a trend focusing on child studies. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell both American psychologists, described development as a maturational process. A genetically destined series of events that unravels automatically, like a flower. This led to the normative approach, in that measures of behavior are derived from a sample of people and calculated to generalize a representation in development (Berk, 2013, p.11). Research later sought to figure out individualistic development rather than the general population. Sigmund Freud a Viennese physician constructed the psychosexual theory. It focuses on how parents control their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in their first few years, which is crucial for healthy personality development. The theory has three parts of the personality, id,ego and superego that combine during five stages. Erik Erikson improved Freud’s idea, in

The Social Learning Theory explains how “violence is learned in the same way that anything else is learned; the process is no different”. This theory examines the ways in which people learn to behave aggressively or violently. Modeling, reinforcing, and imitating the behavior as well as the attitudes are ways in which people learn to act violently. Research show that they tend to act so when they are being rewarded for it, when they observe it, is victimized by it, and when they don’t develop strong enough connections with others. Burgess and Akers go into further detail about this by exploring the exposure to violent media, while Sutherland’s “Differential Association Theory” compares the pro-violence against the pro-social values.

This theory combines elements of behavioral theory and information processing theory. Within Social Learning Theory, there are a few components that are believed to show how learning occurs when they interact. These components are a person's behaviors, their physical characteristics, along with environmental contingencies (Boyle/Scanlon Pg. 93). One of the key concepts of this theory that relates to behavioral theory is the idea of observational learning, (Boyle/Scanlon Pg.93) this is when a changes in student's behavior that happen after they see someone else who was either punished or rewarded for this behavior were looked into. What connects this theory with behavioral theory are the elements of observation of behavioral changes along with reinforcement or punishment.

New Mexico Public Education Department (2009) has developed English Language Development Standards (ELD). The Pre K-12 ELD is based upon the World Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA) Consortium’s model (2004, 2007). Each appears in two frameworks: Summative and Formative. The two frameworks can be used for planning curriculum, instruction, and assessment of English language learners. The common elements of the two frameworks are: 1). English development standards, 2). language domains, 3). grade level clusters, and 4). language proficiency levels. The formative strategy, in particular, is used to develop cultural and linguistic diversity within the state through instructional assessment activities, tasks and projects across the English language development standards.

Thus far in my development, while I have not gravitated to either extreme of Erikson’s stages, I did tend to fall on the negative side of the individual periods, an unfortunate pattern that would continue into adulthood. Using Maslow’s perspective of development, I fared just as poorly. Berger (2014) lists Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

Based on my example I think the social learning theory which is an extension of behaviorism theory is the most related to my memory. As a child I was trying to imitate my father because at that time he was the only one whose working to provide food for us whereas my mother she was staying home taking care of the house such as cleaning and cooking.

Akers and Sellers (2013) has stated that social learning theory is an expanded theory of differential association processes and improves it with differential reinforcement and other principles of the behavior theory. They added classical conditioning (the sharpening of involuntary reflex behavior); discriminative stimuli (internal stimuli that lead to signals for behavior); schedules of reinforcement (rewards and punishment ratio following behavioral feedback); and other theories of behavior (Akers & Sellers, 2013).

This theory suggest that people pick up on behaviors by observing others. It also states that learning can occur by the observation of punishments and reinforcement. Another key point to the social learning theory is that it states that learning is a cognitive process and that social environment plays a role, rather than learning being strictly behavioral. A great example of social learning theory is Albert Bandura’s well-known Bobo Doll experiment, which was conducted in 1961.

In regards to social cognitive theory, one is looking at the fact that people learn by observing behavioral

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) evolved from the Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the sixties under the stewardship of Albert Bandura. However, it was in 1986 that the SCT achieved full recognition. The theory argues that learning takes place in a social context with a reciprocal and dynamic manner involving the environment, person, and behavior (LaMorte, 2016). One main unique feature of the SCT is that it puts a lot of emphasis on social influence, as well as, the social reinforcement at both internal and external levels. Not only does SCT put into consideration the distinct manner in which human beings acquire and use behavior, but it also considers the social environment people perform such behaviors. The theory

Cognitive learning theory-. Cognitive learning theory of psychology tries to interpret human behavior by understanding what goes on in ones mind, the thought process.The main focuses are on how humans solve problems and how one interprets information. The major theorists in the cognitive approach are Koffka, Kohler, Lewin, Piaget, Ausubel, Bruner, and Gagne. They argue that ZealBergh(2011).Workplace learning, learning also takes place through memory, judgement, problem solving, reasoning and understanding.