Cognitive Term of Behaviour

The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson, one of the founders of Behaviorism, based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known as Classical Conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell. Dogs have a natural reflex response to salivate when they see food, Pavlov rang a bell when the dogs were given food and after several repetitions of this

People can display themselves outwardly in a certain manner although on the inside be completely different. A person’s attitude and behavior can influence each other; a person’s surrounds will also have an impact on how the person is. An example of this can be seen in a person committing a crime such as shoplifting, the person knows this is illegal and not moral but in the right situation the person may forget his or her moral upbringing and commit the crime any way. Influences on the individual can be overpowering, causing the person to behave or act in an attitude different from the person’s normal action and behavior. People tend to suffer from

Anterograde amnesia is when a person loses the ability to remember newly learned information, but cannot remember everything from before developing amnesia (King, 2016). For instance, if a child was injured and acquired this type of amnesia they would only remember what was stored then when growing older. This leading me to believe that there is a storing dysfunction that could contribute to amnesia.

Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are

Up until H.M. had this happen, we did not know the hippocampus was a necessity for making memories. Also, that if we get rid of both of our hippocampi, we will experience not only a loss of our short-term memory, but also some memories prior to the brain damage. This discovery declared the removing of the hippocampi never to be done again. Some things learned from the experiments H.M. was subject of were if his attention was focused on one subject and rehearsed, he could retain the information for a period of time, but once distracted or introduced to a new thing, he would then forget it all. Things that were not easy to rehearse, were forgotten a lot sooner. He also traced a star ten different times, and though he didn't remember doing the task, his hand remembered how to draw it. This helped us make the discovery that there are other areas where we have memory such as motor skills, and they were not damaged in his

Milner and her students spent so many years studying H.M. because they’d hope to gain new knowledge of the brain and memory. At the age of seven, H.M had been knocked down and started to have seizures at the age of ten. In his mid teens, those seizures were becoming stronger. The stronger the seizures got the less H.M was able to work because they would interfere constantly. The bilateral medial temporal resection procedure which H.M. underwent, resulted in not only controlling his seizures, but it also brought him a lot of other complications like memory impairment. For instance, he could only retain new information for a short term. After so many years of testing, the results were not only an advancement to development of cognitive neuroscience,

Anterograde amnesia refers to a memory deficit from brain injury that prevents patients to store new informations in their short term memories. The patients show normal memories for events that occurred before the injury but has severely impaired ability to recall information about events that occurred after the incident. Anterograde amnesia is reflected in the movie “50 first dates” through the main character, Lucy Whitmore, whose memory lasts only a day because her memory stopped on the day of car accident. (additional description) The movie, “50 first dates,” contains valid depiction of anterograde amnesia yet it also contains some dramatic points that is far from reality.

Back when H.M. was seven he was in an accident with a bicyclist, this began this patients journey of medical mishaps including seizures and amnesia. At age ten the seizures start and at sixteen they became more intense. He attempted to work but by 27 even that would be too much because of his seizures. After much consideration Doctor Scoville was able to convince H.M. to undergo bilateral medial temporal lobe resection, which is common knowledge but I will explain anyway. It is a procedure done on the brain to separate the temporal lobe tissue to reduce seizures. After the procedure Doctor Millner noticed that while the procedure worked for the seizures there was an incredible amount of memory deficiency, to the extent of forgetting things

Losing one’s memory can be a mysterious affliction, and the causes can be quite complex. Severe memory loss is introduced in author Oliver Sacks’ collection of stories The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, and lectures given by professor Jim Davies can help with understanding of some of the concepts introduced in the book. In chapter two, The Lost Mariner, the patient Jimmie is suffering from aspects of both retrograde and anterograde amnesia, which Davies explained as loss of memory of events or facts learned before an event (the event that caused the amnesia), and loss of ability to create new memories after the event, respectively. In more detail, and in relation to our book (here, the target example), retrograde amnesia would consist of any loss of memory that happened prior to an event, such as an injury or onset of disease in Jimmie’s case. Dr. Davies’ explanation of retrograde amnesia helps to understand Jimmie’s case, where in the year 1975 he is unable to recall any events after 1945. As well, the explanation of anterograde amnesia as including symptoms such as inability to form new memories, learn information or tasks, or to recall the recent past is useful when applied to Jimmie’s experience of not being able to recall events that happened even a few minutes prior. Jimmie’s suffering from both retro and anterograde amnesia, as explained by Sacks, results from Korsakov’s syndrome – a destruction of memory caused by alcoholic

Once the person recovers, they typically have no memory of their amnesia episode. There are two main types of amnesia, anterograde amnesia(where the ability to memorize new things is impaired or lost because data does not transfer successfully from the conscious short-term memory into permanent long term memory); and retrograde amnesia(where a person's pre-existing memories are lost to conscious recollection, beyond an ordinary degree of forgetfulness, even though they may be able to memorize new things that occur after the onset of amnesia). Anterograde is the most common one out of the two. Sometimes both these types of amnesia can occur together, sometimes called total or global

Many other studies have been done on memory. For instance, when a man had surgery for intractable

Claire Daban and her research team compared cognitive effects in those with schizophrenia to those with bipolar disorders. To observe the size effects within the two disorders a series of studies were completed. Those with bipolar disorder demonstrated lower deficits than those with schizophrenia. In addition to that, the team stated that different psychotic features, environmental factors, and neurodevelopment cycles could explain the difference in neuropsychology within the two populations.

However, these developmental changes that are associated with the improvements in memory behavior remains unclear. Cortical regions including the temporal lobes, parietal regions, and prefrontal cortex play a role in memory formation (Gilboa, 2004; and Maguire, 2001). Although this distributed brain network supports memory, the hippocampus is critical for forming new memories. The important role of the hippocampus in memory formation is clear in the case of H.M (Scoville and Milner, 1957). He was a 27-year-old patient who suffered from severe epilepsy that left him impaired. In 1953, he underwent bilateral medial temporal lobes, which removed parts of the hippocampus from both sides of his brain. Although the surgical procedure relieved the effects of his seizures, it severely affected his memory. Specifically, he was incapable of forming new memories and could not remember events that occurred a few years before the surgery such as his birthday party. This case provided support for the assertion that the hippocampus is necessary for forming and, possibly, storing recent

Not everything a person experiences in life can be fully remembered. Conversations and technology have helped preserve moments, but an increase in age, genetics, and unfortunate events can cause memory loss. I wish to study the body and specifically the study of the brain. As a result of my cousin's long term memory loss from an ice skating incident, my desire to study the complexities of the brain has increased. How the brain develops, works, alters, and malfunctions is still not known fully to researchers. The study of memory impairment will help me and others understand. Further knowledge and technology will drive the progress in my future research of the structure and organization of memory. My research, investigations and understanding

There are three main ways to study the differences between the types of memories. The first is the study of anterograde amnesic patients. For example, the study done by Spiers, Maguire and Burgess. They studied 147 cases of anterograde amnesia with damage to the hippocampus. psychological testing proved that all cases had impaired episodic memory and limitedly impaired semantic. This shows that the hippocampus is responsible for episodic memory. To make the conclusion more reliable, another study was done by Vargha and Khadem, with 3 anterograde amnesic patients, and found the same results, except that the semantic memory was completely intact. They found that semantic memory was localized to the cortices underlying the hippocampus.