Cognitive Vs. Cognitive View

Psychology has revealed how the learning perspective is concerned with the environment and experiences leading to effects on a person’s actions. Within this perspective, behaviorists focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors. B.F. Skinner once stated, I am sometimes asked, ‘Do you think of yourself as you think of the organisms you study?’ The answer is yes. So far as I know, my behavior at any given moment has been nothing more than the product of my genetic endowment, my personal history, and the current setting. (Skinner, 1983). In the average college classroom, behaviorism effects students’ way of learning in that their behavior is shaped by either positive or negative reinforcement.

Halbur & Halbur (2011) states that “Humans are shaped and determined by sociocultural conditioning. This paradigm is basically deterministic because all beahaviors are believed to be a product of learning through

The question of whether we are more heavily influenced by our surroundings and/or our upbringing as opposed to what comes naturally to us is a very controversial ongoing debate. This examination can be seen in the 1965 experiment known as “The John/Joan Case”, intended to test the theory of “Nature vs Nurture”. This dispute within psychology is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited or acquired characteristics. “Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world; nurture is every influence without that affects him after his birth.” (Galton)

Many people might say that we are all conditioned a certain way by our environment and that as much as we hope to, we can’t choose our own destiny. As well, many others might think quite the opposite; they may think that people’s own free will and determination will decide people’s destiny. The choices we make and the relationships we build are the driving force behind how we develop as people, but how much of an impact does our environment have on us while we move ahead in life.

Or are internal personal factors—a person’s “consciousness”—what really determine behavior? Most people would answer this question by asserting that both a person’s behavior and the internal personal factors combine to produce behavior. It seems though, that in reality the answer to this question involves a complex theory in psychology termed as “reciprocal determinism”. This theory was developed by famous psychologist, Albert Bandura, and gained great popularity with the publishing of his book, Social Foundations of Thought and Action in 1986. In one of his research articles, titled “The Self System in Reciprocal Determinism”, Bandura argues that psychological functioning involves a continuous reciprocal interaction between behavioral, cognitive and environmental influences (Bandura 1978). To better understand what this theory means, you just need to think about the role of culture in human society. It is common knowledge that culture influences an individual’s behavior, however culture itself is mostly, if not entirely of a person’s own making. This does not imply, however, that the relative influence of the three determining factors of psychological functioning is equal. Depending on the situation, an individual’s functioning might depend more on the immediate environment than the other determining factors (Bandura 1978). For example, the functioning of an individual in a situation where he has to swim in order to not drown is almost entirely dependent on an external factor. Therefore, evil behavior reflects a particular way of psychological functioning and is thus determined by the reciprocal relationship between behavior, cognitive and environmental

For many of years, psychologists and theorists have studied and tracked what influences a human 's growth, learning, and overall development. Although there are many different views of why people may develop the way they do, there is no true "correct" answer. According to learning theorist, B.F Skinner, he believed that all human behavior was determined by environmental influences. This is what as known as behaviorism. "Skinner referred to his own philosophy as 'radical behaviorism ' and suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion. All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning" (Cherry, 2005). Throughout this paper my focus will be on learning theories- specifically the concept of behaviorism.

People can display themselves outwardly in a certain manner although on the inside be completely different. A person’s attitude and behavior can influence each other; a person’s surrounds will also have an impact on how the person is. An example of this can be seen in a person committing a crime such as shoplifting, the person knows this is illegal and not moral but in the right situation the person may forget his or her moral upbringing and commit the crime any way. Influences on the individual can be overpowering, causing the person to behave or act in an attitude different from the person’s normal action and behavior. People tend to suffer from

The four major perspectives of Psychology are: Biological, Learning, Cognitive, and Sociocultural. First, is the biological perspective which relates to bodily events that affect the behavior, feelings, and thoughts. During the biological perspective electrical impulses shoot along the nervous system and hormones flow through the blood stream alerting the internal organs to slow down or speed up. The biological perspective affects the nervous system, hormones, brain chemistry, heredity, and evolutionary influences. A child who has been exposed to abuse may also grow up to abusive which is an example of the biological perspective. Second, is the learning perspective which the environment and experience affect the behavior of humans or animals. The environment either rewards or punish that maintains or discourage behaviors. Behaviors are based on acts and events taking place within the environment. Environmental influences, observations and imitation, beliefs, and values affect the learning perspective. A violent role model can influence a child to behave aggressively is an example of the learning perspective. Third, is the cognitive perspective which is the psychological approach that emphasizes mental process in perception, memory, language, and problem solving. The cognitive perspective shows how thoughts and explanations affect their actions, feelings, and choices. The cognitive approach is one of the strongest forces in psychology. A violent person may be quick to

The Behavioral Perspective: This perspective is based on environmental rewards and punishers to encourage or discourage behaviors. This is usually notes through direct observation of the particular act in the specific environment. Social cognitive learning is used to further explain values, expectations, and intentions of the individual. This theory was the main stream behaviorist theory for over 50 years, as it focuses on precision and objectivity. It is thought to have advanced science as a whole and has given psychology some of the most accurate and detailed finding to date.

The methods described in this paper are cognitive rather than cognitive neuropsychological, although they are certainly amenable to enhancement via neuropsychological measurement, especially to the extent that any hypothesized cognitive constructs have theoretical correlates in brain structures, pathways, and systems. The perspective adopted here is that studies should be designed to be sound in a cognitive sense so that they then have the best potential to yield useful insights whether the main focus is strictly cognitive or more speciWcally cognitive

Yes, the environment someone grows up in plays a part. The family dynamics play a part. The social skills within someone plays a part as does the social skills taught. These play a part in becoming a good or bad person, with good or bad habits. However, genetics plays a large part; who are we, where did we come from, what makes up our genetics and behavior. Genetics can lead to a violent delinquency; it can make some more prone to criminal behavior (Fox, 2008).

Because behaviorism and social cognitive theory both examine changes in behavior. Social cognitive theory has its historical roots in behaviorism, but, as the name implies, it has evolved over the years into a more cognitive perspective (Kim & Baylor, 2006). Even today, many authors continue to include aspects of social cognitive theory in books focusing on behavioral principles (Baldwin & Baldwin, 2001). In addition, behaviorism and social cognitive theory are similar in three ways: They focus on experience as an important cause of learning (and an important principle of cognitive theory is that learning and development depend on learners’ experience). They include the concepts of reinforcement and punishment in their explanations of learning. They target feedback as an important aspect of the learning process. Three important differences exist between the two, however. First, they define learning differently, and second, social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes beliefs, perceptions, and expectations in learning. Third, social cognitive theory suggests that the environment, personal factors, and behavior are interdependent, a concept called reciprocal causation.

The third perspective is the behavioral perspective. The basis of the behavioral perspective suggests that all behaviors are learned. This perspective was developed partially because some psychologists did not agree with Freud’s ideas. Many of these psychologists believed that Freud’s theory could be explained much more simplistically. This is why the behavioral perspective asserts that “human beings behave according to the dictates of their environment” (Sarason & Sarason, 2005).

In one’s everyday life often they rely on, intuitive processes to comprehend the environment arounds us for daily living and learning ( Lieberman, 2000). “Despite our confidence in our intuitions, our intuitions often lead to biased or inaccurate judgements’ (Lieberman, 2000, pp.111). The influences of intuition often take on consequences of great importance, which involve heuristics that are utilized and considered with social cognitive processes (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). If one did not have the motivation or cognitive resources to second guess or to correct our influences of intuitive judgment of people and environment, one can mistakenly assume the one incident of behavior are “indicative of enduring personality” ( Gilbert & Malone, 1995; Jones, 1979, pp.113). Let’s take for example one might experience a push from an African American as a physical aggression than a Caucasian ( Sagar & Schofiled, 1980). Often this implicit attitudes shape one’s intuitive judgments without our awareness of this strong influences (Lieberman, 2000). According to Bandura (2011) Social Cognitive Theory model gravitates towards a triadic reciprocal determinism. This model reflects reciprocal causation, cognition and other personal factors, alongside of environmental influences, while all operate as determinants that ten influence each other bidirectionally (Bandura, 2011). While the human development is seen through the lens through the lifespan, the influential determinants are a

This essay will be focused on two different approaches to cognitive psychology: Cognitive Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Cognitive Neuropsychology is concerned with the patterns of cognitive performance and emphasis on the cognitive effects of brain-damaged patients who suffered lesions, injuries or diseases, providing vest information on normal human cognition. (Eysenck and Keane 2015, p.5) Whereas cognitive neuroscience involves in-depth study of our brain and behaviours. As the brain contains numerous neurones and is so complicated, the cognitive neuroscience emphasis on the biological side of the brain and focuses on the lobes that are divided from the cerebral cortex.