According to Aschengrau & Seage (2014), an epidemiologic research is comprised of several types of study designs. The experimental study design studies treatments and preventions for diseases, wherein the investigator actively “controls which study groups receive the agent under study” (Aschengrau & Seage, 2014). The observational study design studies preventions, causes and treatments for diseases, wherein the investigator “only observes the phenomena being studied as nature takes its course” (p. 145). The authors explain that a classic cohort design is an observation study design that “examines one or more variables or health effects of exposure status and followed over a period of time to determine the status of health outcomes” (Aschengrau & Seage, 2014, p.144). In a previously submitted manuscript, this writer presented a specific cohort design used by researchers to determine the risk factors for diabetes mellitus. …show more content…
Rosella, Manuel, Burchill &Stukel (2011), applied the Diabetes Population Risk Tool model in a cohort study to determine the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus occurrence whereby it was noted that increasing age, elevated BMI, hypertension and less than secondary education are risk factors for diabetes (Rosella, Manuel, Burchill, & Stukel,
In the assigned reading article, researchers propose that minority populaces are at higher risk for diabetes than the social majority. This risk is directly linked to a decreased sense of educational attainment and high levels of
In 2002, among adults, there was an estimated 8.7% prevalence of diabetes. However, rather than there being a prevalence of the disease in the population as a whole, it was found more in specific population subgroups, such as the homeless population. There are certain risk factors these subgroups have that are either associated with diabetes or directly cause it. There is never a 100% correlation of development of diabetes
There are many people who are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes and who may currently qualify as a pre-diabetic. Risk
Type-2 diabetes is a concerning even more, its an increasing issue in our New Zealand community. In 2006 the Ministry of Social Development surveyed a sample of male, female adults and children to see what percentage of them were classified as obese. In 2006-2007 at least 25% of the sample of adults were classified as obese whereas 6-8% of children were also classified. By 2013/2014 there was a 3.3 percentage increase in male samples and a 2.8 percent increase in the female sample of classified obesity. The sample of children all together increased by 8.0-8.8 percent. This shows us that gradually the communities classified obesity rate is increasing. Obesity is found to be a link to increasing the risk of developing type-2 diabetes. 90% of diabetic patients are classified as obese. It is evident that as the obesity rate has raised in New Zealand so has the risk of type-2 diabetes.
93 % of diabetes is Type 2 or adult onset, with obesity serving asthe primary risk factor
Observational epidemiology is a study of disease where “the investigator ascertains exposure and outcome without assignment to an intervention” Observational studies have made important contributions to the knowledge and understanding of health-related conditions. These studies usually involve a large group of individuals as in a community. The purpose of this type of study is to determine the
In a prospective cohort study, people are grouped according to the exposure of interest. They are then watched over time to record the uprising of new cases. With conducting prospective cohort studies, epidemiologist is able to identify many different causes of death.
To be precise, the subjects or people under study were 1,029, and they were selected randomly. The time frame was six years thus very ideal in observing the outcome of the experiment. In this case scenario, the study design used was Cohort study as it involved follow-up studies. Apart from these, a group of individuals were observed together for the same period. The key results were that those who took the medication in the morning were more probable in developing type 2 diabetes by comparing them with those that took their medication at night. Some of the criteria for causation include the type of food one consumes. Another criterion for causation is a person’s weight and also genetic where diabetes affects people of the same lineage thus passed from one generation to another. Lastly, as reported by Melissa Healy in her article, some other criteria for causation of diabetes is taking blood pressure drugs in the morning as compared to taking them at night.
In this section, I will describe the determinants of type 2 diabetes in the over age 65 population in the U.S. and current researches, programs and policies at multiple levels of socio-ecological framework.
Diabetes is a long-term and persistent disease. It has been described as a worldwide disease afflicting an estimated 104 million people. The purpose of this study is determine the risk of developing diabetes based on poor nutrition and sedentary lifestyle. This study will also explains the different types of diabetes, its treatments, and symptoms in women, preventions and recommendations. An overall sample of 40 women from age 18-54 years old from different ethnicity such as White/Caucasians, Latino/Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islander. Diabetes can be especially hard on women. The data was interpreted using Microsoft Excel. The burden of diabetes on women is unique because the disease can affect both mothers and their unborn children. Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease from which numerous other health complications can arise. In their article, “Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease: A Risk Factor for the Global Epidemic,” Chilha, Njeim, & Chedrawy (2012) state that diabetes can lead to a plethora of various other illnesses. These diseases not only affect the United States as a whole, but developing countries as well (Chilha et al., 2012, pp. 697,240). Developing countries have had increasing cases of diabetes that have led to a number of other health complications including hypertension, a disease that is characterized by an increase in arterial blood pressure. Haffner and colleagues discuss in their article, “Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease In Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes And In Non-Diabetic Subjects With and Without Prior Myocardial Infarction,” if diabetic patients who have not had a myocardial Infarction (MI) should be aggressively treated for cardiovascular risk factors as with non-diabetic patients who have had an MI . This supports that diabetes does indeed lead to an increased risk for coronary heart disease. Lakka et al. (2002) also support this claim in their work titled, “The Metabolic Syndrome and Total and Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-aged Men.” Each work analyzes diabetes and its associated health complications in different ways using experimental and statistical data. However, all come to the common conclusion that diabetes does increase one’s risk for developing coronary heart disease. Certain
An objective of the analysis of prospective cohort study data is to compare disease occurrence in the group to the exposure factors. Disease occurrence is measured using cumulative incidence or incidence rates, and the relationship between exposure and disease occurrence is quantified by the cumulative incidence or incidence rate difference and ratio. Calculating an incidence rate involves determining the amount of person-time accrued by each study subject. Relative risks of each of the variables that are evaluated in the study are calculated. In addition, a Cox proportional hazard models is used to analyzed the relationship between environmental and genetic factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Persons-years were calculated for all the individuals from the beginning of the prospective cohort study until the end of the study or end due to loss to follow-up. The reasoning for utilizing the Cox proportional hazards models is because the study has continuous and multiple covariates. Each of the factors need to be evaluate and compare in order to establish whether there is a relationship between environmental factors and the manifestation of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The increasing global trend of type 2 diabetes has been well established. The main reasons for the reported projected rate are epidemiologic transition and nutrition transition including unhealthy dietary habits combined with lower levels of physical activity(6,7).
Diabetes is a disease that occurs in the body. This disease occurs when the body can no longer regulate glucose. As glucose will become either dangerously high or dangerously low. Equally damage that is caused by diabetes is the damaged blood vessels which in turn damages the body’s blood vessels. Which then leads to additional health concerns such as blindness, seizures, kidney failure, nerve disease, stroke and heart disease. Diabetes is a public health concern because it is in most cases preventable and caused by a person’s diet. Upon accessing my risks for type 2 diabetes, I found that I meet three with the answer of yes and four with no. Which means that I do have a risk to have diabetes in the future. Overall diabetes is preventable
Health risks and complications of diabetes. Compared to individuals who have no family history of diabetes, those with first-degree relatives with diabetes have a two-to-six fold increased risk of developing diabetes (Dorman et al., 2012). The presents of shared genes and exposure to similar environmental factors significantly increase the risk of developing diabetes (Dorman et al., 2012). In addition to family history, patients with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are at high risk (Dorman et al., 2012). Having these risk factors independently increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and other vascular complications (Dorman et al., 2012). Both the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) concluded that lifestyle modifications could prevent diabetes and its complications (Dorman et al., 2012).