Cohort Follow-up Studies – Cardiovascular Disease: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death and mortality across the globe, especially because of its increase in low and middle income countries. The disease is commonly referred to as heart disease since it’s a group of diseases that involve the heart, blood vessels or both. Generally, the disease involves abnormal functioning of the heart of blood vessels, which increases the risk of heart failure, heart attack, cardiac rhythm issues, stroke, and unexpected death. These problems in turn contribute to reduced quality of life and declining life expectancy. While there are various risk factors for the disease, it causes range from genetics, to structural defects, environment, inflammation, and infection. The severity of the disease has contributed to the increased need to examine its major causes, current medications, and ways for mitigating its proliferation. This article seeks to understand these various aspects in cardiovascular disease through cohort study designs and other evidence-based management studies.
Cohort Study on the Disease: As previously mentioned, cardiovascular disease has developed to become the major cause of deaths across the world. A cohort study and evidence-based management study was developed to identify the major causes of the disease, analyze key steps, including current medications used to address the disease, and identify ways for mitigating is proliferation. The study was based
Cardiovascular diseases has affected large number of population worldwide and in developed countries it is responsible for half of all deaths, coronary artery disease (CAD) alone is responsible for 1 of every 4.7 deaths in the United States (Eichner et al., 2002).
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Australia's population. This is because the disease is also diagnosed with other conditions like renal and chronic kidney diseases. Cardiovascular disease extends at the end-stage of renal disease and is present even in moderate settings of chronic kidney disease. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000), cardiovascular disease has a high prevalence rate in the population, making it a public health concern. The disease is the leading cause of death in the nation, and is causing considering burden on the population like illness, economic costs, and disability (Samani & van der Harst, 2008). The disease is also a public health concern for it affects both adults and children of all races and ethnicities. This analysis explores the scope of the disease among Australia's population, its effect on the population, mortality and morbidity studies, and social determinants of health.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Australia, affects 22% of the Australian population. Targeting this health
Although the term cardiovascular disease refers to a disorder of the cardiovascular system, it is usually associated with atherosclerosis, also known as arterial disease. It is considered the leading cause of deaths in the world, taking 17.1 million lives a year. There are only a few factors that are non-modifiable, these being the persons age, gender, family history and their race and ethnicity. Although there are non-modifiable risk factors, there are multiple multiple risk factors that are modifiable that anyone can use to prevent getting any type of cardiovascular disease. These people just need to have the motivation to be able to change themselves and their lifestyles in order to better
Heart disease, also known cardiovascular disease, is an illness like none other; it takes an unfortunate toll on the body and causes many malfunctions. People who deal with this disorder suffer from problems such as heart attacks, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and more. Although heart disease is a major concern for many people, it is not as prevalent for those in certain parts of the world. This paper compares the rates of heart disease in the United States versus those in Japan. After studying this disease and how it affects people around the world, it is clear that Americans have much higher rates of heart disease than the Japanese, mainly because of risk factors, like poor diets and lack of exercise. By studying the history of heart disease in both countries, the implications of the disorder, and different populations impacted, it is clear that heart disease is a major epidemic around the world. The evidence that reports the differences of heart disease rates between America and Japan is astounding.
Cardiac diseases alone have been estimated, direct and indirect costs, for the overall American population are “approximately $165.4 billion for 2009” (CDC, 2013). A survey found that heart disease accounted for 4.2 million of the hospitalizations in 2006. In 62% of these cases were short stay hospitalizations and occurred amount peoples ages 65 and older. These hospitalization rates also vary by gender, racial, and ethnic groups.
According to the WHO, cardiovascular diseases have been the leading cause of death globally claiming 17 million lives a year, more deaths than all cancer combined (Chiu and Radisic, 2013). Cardiovascular disease is responsible for a preponderance of health problems and its impact is expected to grow further as the population ages. In the UK, NHS spends about £7.74 billion as the expenditure to deal with cardiovascular diseases (Barton et al., 2011). Cardiovascular disease in the form of myocardial infarction has become the principle cause of death in developed countries, accounting for nearly 40% of all deaths (http://www.bhf.org.uk/). Congenital heart defects, which occur in nearly 14 of every 1000 new-born children, is another tragic fact that baffles medical industry (http://www.heart.org/). About 61 million Americans (almost one-fourth of the population) live with cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, congenital cardiovascular defects, and congestive heart failure.
Because heart disease and stroke is having such a profound effect on the United States population, “Increase overall cardiovascular health in the U.S. population” is one of HealthyPeople.gov (2014) main goal for
Cardiovascular disease is a substantial concern and has emerged as one of the leading health issues. In examining cardiovascular disease, its incidence is astounding. Each year approximately one million men and women die, averaging one death every thirty three seconds (Heart, 2013).The death rate for cardiovascular issues such as myocardial infarction and CHF claim more lives than cancer and Aids combined. Heart disease will be the number one cause of death by the
This research question is important in this program because it will help determine whether this cardiovascular program has increased the capacity to address heart disease, change mindsets, and to reach goals of the cardiovascular program. In this program we are devoted to prevent and manage cardiovascular diseases through professional education and research for clinicians, providers, and patients.
Most people do not identify that cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death and has the most modifiable risk factors to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Over the past years, heart disease has constituted one of the leading causes death in America. In fact, statistics show that one in every seven deaths is as a result of heart-related diseases (American Heart Association, 2016). Conversely, most deaths reported are of elderly individuals aged above the 65 years. However, there are also other underlying conditions that elevate the risk of developing heart diseases. According to the American Heart Association (2016) 62% of men and 67.8% of women have high blood pressure that are aged between 65-74 years of age. High blood pressure exposes older people to high-risk chances of developing cardiovascular diseases, characterized by high rates of mortality, morbidity, and disability. Cardiovascular
The prevention of cardiovascular health issues would be greatly beneficial to the overall health and wellbeing of Australia, through causing minimal strains on medical services and funding, however poor cardiovascular health is largely inevitable, as it is often resultant of an individual’s generally poor health and other issues. Cardiovascular health was selected as a National Health Priority partly due to the burden of disease on Australian society, but also the prominent behavioural, and changeable risk factors. Thus, by targeting and spreading awareness of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular health, and the harmful consequences they pose, whilst also developing new and more effective treatment methods, the burden of disease
The Framingham Heart Study was the first longitudinal cohort study to try to elucidate the etiology and determinants of CVDs, and it’s currently the longest running medical study in the world, celebrating it’s 68 years in 2016. It is in it’s third generation now (grandchildren of the original cohort), and although it’s population is mainly of white European descent, the results were fundamental in understanding the risk factors of CVDs. We recognize the need to know if the results of this study, and its risk estimation module, could be applied to the Lebanese population, since no major comparison study was done before in our country.
As the population ages heart failure is expected to increase exceptionally. About twenty-two percent of men and forty-four percent of women will develop heart failure within six years of having a heart attack. “Thirty years ago patients would have died from their heart attacks!” (Couzens)