Cold Tolerance Evolution

Freeman (2008) furthers Eckert et al’s argument by stating that the actin filaments of the muscle cell in organisms are able to intake ATP (adenosine triphosphate) faster and will move the organism faster when higher temperatures are imposed. This is because of an increase in enzyme reaction rates (Freeman 2008). These arguments can be applied to our experiment to help explain the trends observed. It can be argued that as the Gammarus setosus experiences the cold treatments, the organ of Bellonci senses the cold temperature, which in turn signals the organism to preserve its energy to protect itself; therefore, the organism will swim slower. In addition, the enzymes in the muscle cells of the organism, when experiencing the cold treatments, will have decreased ability to carry out enzymatic reactions, therefore inhibiting the uptake of ATP, which will cause the organism to swim slowly. Conversely, as the organisms are put into the heated treatments, the organ of Bellonci senses the heat, and allows the organism to swim faster, since it does not have allocate as much of its energy towards survival. Furthermore, the enzymes in the cells will be able to catalyze reactions more quickly, therefore allowing the organism to swim faster. However, when the temperature of the surroundings is too high, the enzymes will denature, therefore, reducing the activity rate of

The purpose of the research was to formulate a question and develop a hypothesis based on the variations observed between two populations of threespine stickleback, in order to gain a better understanding of natural selection

We performed an experiment on crayfish focusing on their metabolic rates, via oxygen consumption, at two acclimated temperatures. Crayfish were either acclimated to a warm temperature (20 to 25C) or to a

going to occur between 40°c to 60°c because this is the habitat temperature for these species and

The purpose of this lab is to analysis goldfish an ectothermic animal affect toward different temperature ranges. The reactions toward the temperatures are taken upon the term of homeostasis, which is regulation for organisms to maintain a steady state while adapting to the conditions that are favorable for survival (Encyclopedia Britannica). In order to achieve a successful homeostasis, many animals use different methods of thermoregulation, which helps maintain the internal temperature of animals. Many methods vary whether the organisms is an endotherm or ectoderm. An endotherm, which includes mammals and birds, is a warm-blooded animal, which maintains a constant body temperature not influenced by the environment (Britannica).

Animals differ in their abilities to regulate body temperature (thermoregulation). We sometimes use the terms "cold-blooded" or "warm-blooded." Most reptiles feel cold to the touch, while mammals and birds often feel warm.

A good example of this would be “living fossils” like the horseshoe crab or cockroach. Provide an example from your phylogenic tree of evolutionary stasis. Discuss the ecological conditions that might result in this sort of long-term evolutionary stasis.

being much more resistant to the cold weather in the north. Though we have those certain

Arctic Terns prefer warm/hot weather. One reason I think this, is because according to the text “they are able to the enjoy long summer days

Recent and expected changes in Arctic sea ice cover, snow cover, and methane emissions from permafrost thaw are likely to result in large positive feedbacks to climate warming. There is little recognition of the significant loss in economic value that the disappearance of Arctic sea ice, snow, and permafrost will impose on humans. Here, we examine how sea ice and snow cover, as well as methane emissions due to changes in permafrost, may potentially change in the future, to year 2100, and how these changes may feed back to influence the climate. Between 2010 and 2100, the annual costs from the extra warming due to a decline in albedo related to losses of sea ice and snow, plus each year's methane emissions, cumulate to a present value cost to

2. Increasing global temperatures are expected to disrupt ecosystems, pushing to extinction those species that cannot adapt.

The example given is the coral trout, a fish that is commercially important. Since the water temperature has risen higher up in the water, these trout tend to be more lethargic now; they stay lower in the water. This is crucial because all of their hunting and mating ground is higher

Temperature affects the way the reptile locomote. Turner et al found that temperature affects how often alligators swam using their legs as paddles. As the temperature increases from 15 to 35°C, the use of their legs becomes less frequent in swimming. Temperature also affected the frequency with which the alligators swam breaching the surface of the water. As the temperature increased from 15 to 25°C, the frequency of the alligators having its head out of water decreased, and then the frequency increased when temperature reached beyond 25 till 35°C. The body temperature also affect the mode that a reptile chose to locomote, as the alligator swam more frequently at 25°C and it becomes less frequent as the body temperature deviate from 25°C (Turner et al. 1985). Some of these aspects of locomotion, which are affected by changing the body temperature, could also in turns affect the velocity of locomotion. For example, the decreasing in frequency of alligators using legs as paddles, as result of increasing boy temperature, increases their swimming burst speed (Turner et al.

“Field active and laboratory preferred body temperatures and critical thermal limits were measured in six species of Kenyan chameleons: Chamaeleobitaeniatus, Chamaeleodilepis, Chamaeleoellioti, Chamaeleohohnelii, Chamaeleojacksonii, and Chamaeleoschubotzi. Given the opportunity, all six species are very competent heliothermicthermoregulators. Individuals typically spend the night low in shrubby vegetation with body temperatures equal to ambient air, and then climb to the top or edges of their bushes to bask when the sun shines. For most species, body temperatures quickly stabilize between 29 and 32 °C, which they maintain while the sun shines (except C. schubotzi at 19 °C). Preferred temperatures in the

Lastly there is adaptive thermogenesis- Which is the energy expenditure that happens when a change of temperature of physiological stress happens on the body. Like a change in temperature that will require you to shiver or stressing that will cause anxiety and worry. This changes the energy expenditure because the body will use more energy to keep the body heat up if the surrounding energies are below the normal body temperature. Adaptive thermogenesis will regulate heat in response to diet, temperature which can result in a metabolic inefficiency. This will affect your sport performance because your body will be using more energy to keep your body in a healthy temperature reducing your performance in the physical activity that you are in.