Colon Cancer : A Disease That Can Affect Multiple Areas

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States.4 According to the American Cancer Society, it starts with a growth of adenomatous polps on the inner lining of the colon or rectums and the growth happens over the course of several years to become cancer.5 Genetic factors that increase the risk for colorectal cancer are well established such as family history, ethnicity, and age. Pt is an African American female, and the incidence of colorectal cancer for African Americans remains higher than for other ethnic and racial groups.4 Another risk factor is increasing in age, especially in the sixth and seventh decades, and Pt is 71 years old. However, there is a major debate regarding if there is evidence that specific nutrients play a role in the risk of colorectal cancer. The American Institute for Cancer Research found that red meat, processed meat alcoholic drinks, body fatness, and abdominal fatness, and adult attained height were associated with an increased risk.4 It has also been found that calcium, dietary fiber, garlic, vitamin D, lycopene, and folic acid are associated with a decreased risk.4

Colon and rectum are both located in the digestive system. There are two parts of the digestive system. Upper part of the digestive system included stomach and small intestine, in which their job is to digest food for energy. Lower part of the digestive system are called gastrointestinal system, where colon and rectum are located. Its function is to absorb fluid to form solid waste then passes from the body as a stool. Small intestine made up of the most part of the digestive system, it is about 20 feet long. It break down the foods and absorb most of the nutrients. Then it pass to the large intestine which is mainly made up of a muscular tube, colon, and it is about 5 feet long. The colon can be divided into 4 section. Ascending colon, it is the beginning of the colon that included the cecum, where the appendix attaches to the colon. Transverse colon, the second section of the colon. It located in the upper abdomen and from the right to the left. The next section is called descending colon, the lower abdomen and from the left to right. The last section,

Mr BW was a 74-year-old man who had a fall due to a new onset of seizures, which resulted, to a direct impact of his head on the ground while at home. While at the hospital, MR BW underwent a CT and MRI brain scan and showed a haematoma, which resulted to commencing of the patient on Keppra and Bezodiapenes. Moreover, Mr BW also developed a sudden onset of pleuretic chest pain, which was confirmed by CTPA as a small pleural effusion on the left lungs; while there was also pulmonary embolism on both upper and lower lobes of the left lung. Due to the development of a provoked pulmonary embolism, patient commenced on Clexane injection. In September 2015, an elective open abdominoperineal resection was performed on Mr BW, which resulted to prolonged stay in the hospital due to delayed wound healing.

There are over 100 types of cancer. One type is called colon cancer, a very common disease in the lower part of the digestive system. Colon cancer is luckily very treatable if caught early, but because it is so common it is the second leading cause of death from cancer. About 140,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with colon cancer every year.

In 2000, Eloisa Casas was diagnosed with colon cancer. She went through the stages of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy and one year later with considered to be cancer free and placed in remission. On July 10, 2001, she was addmitted to the hospital with abdominal pain, as well as a fever and an elevated white blood count, which could indicate a possible infection. Her primary physisian and surgeon, Dr. Garcia-Cantu, consulted infectious disease specialist, Dr. Jelinek, who then prescribed her Maxipime as a general antibiotic and Flagyl as an antibiotic for anaerobic bacteria on July 11.

Bowel cancer is the second leading cancer in Australia with over 90 % of whom over 50 years old (Bowel Cancer Australia, 2014). Every year, over 17,000 people are newly diagnosed with bowel cancer (Cancer Council Australia, 2015). The most common treatment for all stages of bowel cancer is removing the cancer and forming a stoma which may help people to maintain the maximum function of their digest system. Depending on the patient’s situation, the colostomy can be reversed to recover the function of absorb nutrition and exclude metabolites. This paper will review the whole process of a patient who received reversal colostomy from admission to discharge, and explain the symptoms that the patient had post operation.

Squamous cell carcinomas cancer is the most common colon cancer in the United States. It is located within the anal canal and around its walls. This sparks my interest because it is quite odd to me that cancer could occur in the anal canal or outside of it. It really shows how cancer can literally occur anywhere in the body. Even Though it is located in the anal canal, the cause of colorectal cancer is usually due to many other reasons that has nothing to do with the colon itself. These causes are the amount of exercise a person have, any smoking or drinking, even if the person is overweight, or attaining HPV. There are also many causes that can not be changed by your lifestyle, for example if you have the genes to have colorectal cancer or

Colon cancer has an excellent prognosis when diagnosed early, with 92 percent of patients living longer than five years who were diagnosed during Stage 1. Preventing colon cancer through a healthy diet and getting regular colonoscopies is crucial in diagnosing the cancer at an early stage.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among men and women in the United States, and mutations in the MUTYH gene significantly increase the risk of developing polyps that may evolve into cancer.1,2 Biallelic mutations in the MUTYH gene can lead to MYH-Associated Polyposis (MAP), which causes the growth of dozens to hundreds of polyps, furthering increasing the risk for colon cancer.2 Meanwhile, recent studies have shown that both biallelic and monoallelic mutations can contribute to bladder, ovarian, gastric, hepatobiliary, endometrial, and breast cancer.3 The MUTYH gene itself codes for the MYH glycosylase enzyme, which repairs mistakes in DNA caused by reactive oxygen species.3,4 Also a sign of oxidative stress, the oxidation product, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (OG), mimics thymine, eventually matching with adenine and resulting in a complete loss of the cytosine-guanine pair.4 MUTYH removes the undamaged A base from the mismatched pair, aiding in the correction of such damage.4 However, when MUTYH is mutated, there is an increase in G to T mutations, which can eventually affect the tumor suppressor genes APC and K-ras and lead to tumor formation.4 The MUTYH variants Y165C and G382D are the most common mutations seen in individuals with MAP, and for this reason are of great interest in research working towards reducing the risk of colorectal cancer.2,4 In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas system for gene editing has become the preferred method for

In the summer of 1993 researchers discovered a gene, known as MSH2, is lacking within colon cells. The MSH2 genes main function is to detect and correct small mutations that occur during cell division. The cause of colon cancer arises when this gene does not provide this protection to colon cells. This lack of protection causes multiple mutations within the colon cells until they become cancerous.

The good news is that there are many ways to reduce colon cancer risks, the number one way is through screening. The ACS estimates that less than 50 percent of adults over 50 have been screened for colon cancer even though it is one of the most preventable forms of cancer. James Church surgeon at the Cleveland Clinic. He says, "You can’t prevent breast cancer, lung cancer

Colon and rectum cancer, much like many other cancers, are researched and analyzed in order to study the trends of the disease. Either of these cancers are also named colorectal cancer for reference to either colon or rectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is in the top five most commonly diagnosed cancer within the United States, standing at number four. There are 50,260 estimated deaths from colon and rectum cancer, ultimately making up the estimated 8.4 percent of all diagnosed cancers. New cases of these cancers have decreased since 1992; deaths have also decreased. Statistics show deaths and numbers of cases diagnosed have been decreasing by over two percent each year for the last ten years.

There are approximately 200,000 to 3 million cases of colon cancer in the US each year; could Coffee be the answer to this illness? The Dana- Farber Institute in Boston, MA conducted the study. “Those who drank four or more cups of regular (not decaf) coffee per day saw the most benefit,” said Diane Stern, co-anchor of WBZ News. Cancer researchers located in Boston have discovered drinking coffee daily reduces the risk of colon cancer.

Colonoscopy- This is the type of test where a doctor uses a flexible tube with a light and camera and inspects the entire colon for any polyps or growths that may be suspicious for cancer, which at this point they will be removed and biopsied to see if they are cancerous. The use of a colonoscopy has been shown to be This is the gold standard in colon cancer prevention .(Schmerling,2013)

Colon is located in the digestive system. There are two parts of the digestive system. Upper part of the digestive system included stomach and small intestine, in which their job is to digest food for energy. Lower part of the digestive system are called gastrointestinal system, where colon and rectum are located. Its function is to absorb fluid to form