Color Vision Of Spider Monkeys

Color is determined by the lengths of waves of light. Although there is no sure way to fully tell how we actually perceive color, there are two theories that seek to explain so. One is the trichromatic and the other opponent-process. Whereas one theory lacks in explaining a key problem the other succeeds, which is the case of the trichromatic theory and afterimages. Although the trichromatic theory does not explain the phenomenon of afterimages, of the two theories, the trichromatic one best explains how we see color.

Primates have some features that support them for the arboreal life. First, primates have developed grasping extremities with the divergent hallux and nails instead of claws. These features help them grasping branches better. Second, primates have enhanced vision with the optic convergence, which helps them look straightforward. They also have postorbital bar to protect the eyes. Third, primates reduced the olfaction that is not useful for arboreal life. Fourth, comparing to the other mammals, primates have large brain consider to the body size. The large brain helps them to process the complicating reactions, and thinking. Haplorrhines primates have some unique derived traits: the loss of tapetum lucidum, which enhances the vision in the darkness; and haplorhini, which is dry external nose. The anthropoid primates have developed some derived traits. They have postorbital bar with closure, and this makes a complete bony ring surrounds the eyes. They also have fused mandibular symphysis. The Platyrrhines have the dental formula 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3. The Catarrhines have dental formula 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3. The Cercopithecoids have the bilophodont molars to enhance the chewing ability. The hominoids are the most developed primates, which have some derived unique traits. They have larger brain, loss of tail, longer arms than legs, broad thorax with more muscles, and highly mobile shoulder.

Kavanagh, M. & Morris, D. (1983). Complete guide to monkeys, apes and other primates. London: Viking Press.

Mantis shrimp have many eye adaptations which indicate capability of spectral analysis (Cronin et al., 1996). It also have been trained based on particular color to select an object from an array of objects of different

Organisms possess several types of color vision depending on what wavelengths they are sensitive to. Humans are trichromatic, because their vision is formed by long, middle and short wavelength sensitive cones (Carroll, et.al, 2009). Depending on the environment, primates will have different variations of color vision. (Melin, et.al, 2017). Routine trichromacy and polymorphic trichromacy both track different food sources. Routine trichromacy is helpful for tracking down reddish-yellow fruit and seasonal leaves while polymorphic trichromacy is helpful for tracking down ripe fruits and insects (Melin, et.al, 2017).

The tapetum lucidum is an evolutionary advantage for animals. It enables animals to see in dimmer light than the animal would otherwise be able to see in. The tapetum lucidum is useful to animals, but it also has a use to humans. Human beings use the tapetum lucidum to scan for reflected eye-shine, in order to detect and identify the species of animals in the dark and to send trained search dogs and search horses out at night. Historically, its function was regarded as simply to increase the light intensity of an image on the retina. Using eye shine to identify animals in the dark implies not only color but, also several other features. The color reciprocates to the type of tapetum

Through this lab, it is apparent that guppies have a preference in the colors orange and red, and both males and females share the same preferences for the same colors. A hypothesis proposed was, if two guppies are placed in a fish tank with colored discs at the bottom then the guppies will peck the most at their own color (in this case orange). This hypothesis was accepted because orange was the color that both guppies pecked at the most, however only the males were the color orange, therefore this hypothesis was rejected in regards to the female guppies. The data was collected by observing the guppies for seven minutes and marking how many times each pecked at a certain color. The data was collaborated with other scientists, and the results

The information listed by Strier, is in a way collaboratively structured to provide a definition for variation amongst specific primate

We study nonhuman primate behavior to help us better understand us as humans and our behavior compared to nonhuman primates. Clearly there are differences in behavior among different species of primates - especially humans. Similar behaviors may also have different causes. Current ideas are that the first primates appeared more than 60 million years ago. Interestingly, the common ancestor of people and African apes lived just around 5-8 million years prior; along these lines, for more than 50 million years, people and the African chimps have shared primate heritage. Shared lineage is a noteworthy motivation behind why human and nonhuman primates have numerous qualities in like manner - the use of tools, relationships, and complex correspondence frameworks. By finding out about nonhuman primates we came in to take in more about ourselves. For instance, us humans walk upright, on two limbs we are bipedal. Human and nonhuman primates likewise share physiological qualities. For instance, the route in which the brains of rhesus monkeys and people are sorted out is comparative. One mind range that has been examined widely is the visual framework. Neuroanatomical investigations of the nonhuman primate mind

The first experiment, the Lens Test, was performed by minimizing and maximizing different lenses to test whether the chimpanzees could discern the object when it appeared to be bigger or smaller than its normal size. The second experiment, the Mirror Test, incorporated a mirror to see if the chimpanzees could still spot the object. Lastly, the third experiment, the Color Test, included see-through color filters to investigate if the chimpanzees could recognize the object under different filters. In each experiment, two objects were presented: one which seemed more appealing but was actually the more unattractive and another which seemed unattractive but in reality, was the more appealing. Also, a chimpanzee could only move on to the next experiment only if it had passed the previous experiment.

Colobus uses sense to choose their breakfast which nonprimate mammals do not use. Apes and other Old World monkeys possess trichromatic vision which allows them to perceive across the visible spectrum (from blue to red) (Carroll, 45). On the other hand, most nonprimate mammals are dichromats hence they cannot differentiate between red from green. This adaptation helps the animals to select nutritious leaves which are easy to digest.

Primates are threatened by many different factors but Hunting and Habitat Disturbance has become the most common threats to primate survival. As the human population continues to grow and thrives to meet its daily needs and resource demands (Oates, 2013). In other words, forest areas are altered for urban and economic development through agricultural expansion, logging, mining, road expansions, water projects and cattle grazing (Mittermeier, 1988).

Over the past two months, I had the pleasure of visiting the Los Angeles Zoo on two occasions to observe primates for this project. Why two visits? Well, my initial observation notes were inadvertently thrown away in an unintentional fit of neatness. These observations, therefore, were taken on a warm afternoon in November 2014. Having carefully reread the paper requirements and suggestions before my second visit, I made a more conscious choice of the primates I was about to observe so there would be a more obvious contrast between their behaviors (on my first visit I had observed two different monkey species.) In this document, I will share my observations of the behaviors of Squirrel Monkeys and Bornean orangutans.

The evolution of trichromacy in howler monkeys is extraordinary since no other platyrrhine species routinely expresses this quality (i.e., regular expression in both males and females) (Jacobs et al.,

Melanin has played a significant role in human evolution. In this paper I will discuss the importance of melanin in its role in the human biological system and how it relates to the natural selection of suitable human life according to geography and environment.