Colorectal Cancer

Getting a cervical cancer screening with a Pap Smear can enable a practitioner to detect early signs of cervical cancer by allowing identification of precancerous lesions (USPSTF, 2016a). Early detection can decrease the incidence of cervical cancer and, ultimately, reduce mortality rates related to cervical cancer (USPSTF, 2016a).

If the Pap smear test results reveal abnormal cell changes, a physician will recommend for a women to undergo a colposcopy. A colposcopy is a procedure where a physician washes the cervix with a diluted vinegar solution and uses a microscope-like tool known as a colposcope to have a magnified view of the surface of the vagina and cervix. If the physician sees any abnormal areas, such as lesions on the cervix, then tissue samples are taken for examination under a microscope. Other than the Pap smear, a pelvic exam may be performed. In a pelvic exam, the vagina, along with adjacent organs, is examined visually and manually. A speculum, and instrument that separates tissue, is inserted into the vagina for visual examination. After, the organs are felt with the fingers by inserting one hand in the vagina, and putting the other hand on the abdomen to feel for any abnormalities. If invasive cervical cancer is suspected, or if the colposcopy and the Pap smear have different results, then other tests may be conducted. One test that may be performed is a cone biopsy. In a cone biopsy, a larger, cone shaped sample of cervical tissue is taken and examined for cancer cells. Another test that may be performed is endocervical curettage. During this procedure, the lining of the cervix is scraped and examined for cancer cells. Once a diagnosis of cervical cancer is made, then the

My grandpa Royce was diagnosed with colon cancer in 2011, just days before Christmas. The next few weeks were filled with doctor’s visits, surgery, and trips to the cancer center. After the first surgery, they thought all the cancer was removed, but they were wrong. During his routine scans, they noticed a few spots on his lungs, but assumed it was because he was a smoker. It turned out that the cancer had advanced more than originally thought, and the colon cancer had spread to his lungs.

If cervical cancer is found treatment will be dependent on the type of cervical cancer and the stage of the cancer. There is a surgical treatment which is where the cancerous tissue is removed, such as by a hysterectomy, Chemotherapy to slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells. Lastly, there is radiation treatment to kill the cells and control the spreading of the cancer. These options can be used independently or altogether. There are constantly new treatments becoming available and sometimes a patient can be able to become part of this new treatment through clinical trials. The second test which can be done concurrently with the Pap test is the HPV test.

With each new screening testing procedure comes the social, ethical and scientific implication of the screening process. The social aspect of the screening is the risk of being stigmatized, for example it was believed that if you go to the hospital to get a pap smear you are sexually promiscuous. However, pap smear is a screening testing for cervical cancer, it is used to analysis the existence of precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix. It is an uncomplicated, brief and necessary screening test recommended for every woman after the age of 21 or is sexually active. Pap smear is screening procedure for cancer which satisfy the social, ethical and scientific aspects of screening. Although

Screening programs utilize diagnostic tests on individuals who are asymptomatic of certain diseases and the intent of diagnostic tests are used to establish the probability of having a certain disease (New York State, Department of Health (n.d.). As a provider, the fundamental intention of screenings is to reduce morbidity and mortality; however, providers must also understand the potential affect on individuals if results reveal false-positives and false-negatives (Gates, 2001). Therefore, diagnostic accuracy is critical and making sure quality of screenings is important in that the tests are sensitive enough to detect disease during the period in individual who do not have symptoms of a particular disease and specific enough to lessen the incidence of false positives (Gates, 2014). Screening the female population with Pap (Papanicolaou) smears for cervical cancer is considered a sensitive test (Lalkhen & McCluskey, 2008).

During these lab tests, specially trained technicians will be able to determine if they contain cancer, have a potential to develop into malignant masses or if their characteristics indicate other polyps may form in the same area in the future.

Colorectal cancer is cancer of the colon. It is also referred to as colon cancer. It is mostly found in people over the age of fifty. In the United States alone, it is the second leading cancer killer in the US. Colon cancer has four stages of cancer. The cancer can either be malignant or benign. The anatomy, signs and symptoms and treatments are all very important things to consider when encountering colon cancer.

In its early stages, the presence of cervical cancer may not create any noticeable symptoms. As the cancer progresses, the woman may experience a watery vaginal discharge and painless bleeding. Over time, the bleeding becomes heavier and more frequent, and pain becomes noticeable in the lower abdomen or back. The best tool for diagnosing cervical cancer is the Pap smear. In this simple test, cells are removed from the cervical epithelium with a cotton swab or wooden scraper and examined under a microscope for precancerous cell changes and signs of malignancy (Peterson). If the Pap smear shows more significant abnormalities, the health care provider will want to look at the cervix with a colposcope (a special type of microscope that allows the provider to examine the vagina and cervix). The earlier cervical cancer is diagnosed and treated, the greater the chances are that the patient will survive (McKesson Clinical...).

(WENY) - Every year nearly 50,000 people die of colon cancer in the United States and is the third leading cause of cancer related deaths.

HPV or human papillomavirus is what mostly causes cervical cancer. Its also caused by severe abnormal changes in the cells cervix. There is a transformation zone where precancerous and cancerous cell changes occur in the cervix. This happens because these cells undergo constant change. During this change some cervical cells become abnormal if you happen to be infected with high-risk types of HPV. Some other things that can also lead to cervical cancer would be if you have more than one sex partner or smoking cigarettes.

According to Mayo Clinic, one of the most prevalent cancers in the United States is colon cancer. An additional 100,000 Americans will contract colon cancer ever year with half of the cases ending in death. The American Cancer Society (ACS) says that over 90 percent of colon cancer occurs in adults over 50 years of age.

Colon cancer is a cancer impacts the rectum or colon which is the large intestine , and sometimes doctors and scholars called it colorectal cancer (1). However, why is it a deadly disease?.As it known cancer takes 5 to 10 years to causes symptoms. Therefore, colon cancer sometimes does not give any symptoms because it starts as polyps in the colon for years , before it develops to cancer, so it cannot be noticeable(1). Moreover, Most people with colon cancer do not express any symptoms in early stages,

The Papanicolaou test abbreviated to Pap test or Pap smear is a screening test for cancer or abnormality of the cervix. In this procedure the patient is placed in the lithotomy position and draped waist down in a way that provides minimal exposure. A speculum is used to widen the opening of the vagina to get a clear view of the cervix. A plastic spatula and small brushed are used to collect cells from the cervix. When the cervical cells are collected they are then placed into a solution and sent to a lab for testing. The cells or cell suspension is placed on a glass slide, dyed with Papanicolaou stain and seen under a microscope by a Pathologist or Cytotechnologist.

Colon or colorectal cancer emerges when a malignant tumor arises on the inner walls of the large intestine or rectum. It is the third most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer deaths in over 50,000 patients. Colorectal cancer does not discriminate amongst race or gender, however it is most commonly found in individuals over the age of fifty, generally not in younger cases (What is Colon Cancer). It evolves in the tissues of the colon which is found in the lower portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The colon is an essential organ which absorbs nutrients and water and stores the rest as waste (Colorectal Cancer information). However when the DNA of healthy cells has any sort of malfunction or is damaged, the cells continue to divide