Colorectal Cancer Research Paper

Colon cancer is a condition in which polyps form in the lining of the colon (large intestine).

“The colon cancer vs. Crohn’s disease debate is generating a lot of interest in the medical community. Every year in the U.S., approximately 57,000 people die from colorectal cancer and 147,000 new cases are diagnosed”states Dr. Victor Marchione. Crohn's disease is a new disease that was introduced into today's society in 2015. 1.4 million Americans have Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Of those, about 700,000 have Crohn’s has been diagnosed in the years between 1992 and 2004 just from a doctor's visit. People have came up with different ways that we can help and prevent the disease such as Surgery, Conferences and “ KEY TO PROCESS “.

Squamous cell carcinomas cancer is the most common colon cancer in the United States. It is located within the anal canal and around its walls. This sparks my interest because it is quite odd to me that cancer could occur in the anal canal or outside of it. It really shows how cancer can literally occur anywhere in the body. Even Though it is located in the anal canal, the cause of colorectal cancer is usually due to many other reasons that has nothing to do with the colon itself. These causes are the amount of exercise a person have, any smoking or drinking, even if the person is overweight, or attaining HPV. There are also many causes that can not be changed by your lifestyle, for example if you have the genes to have colorectal cancer or

For one, gastric cancer affects many people. In 2011, an estimated 74,035 people in the US had been inflicted with gastric cancer ("SEER Stat Fact," 2013). Additionally, this year, an estimated 22,220 additional people will receive the diagnosis of the stomach cancer ("Stomach (Gastric Cancer)," 2014). Though these numbers may not seem to indicate much of a problem in the United States when compared to prostate cancer's 233,000 estimated new cases and breast cancer's 232,670 estimated new cases, gastric cancer has a significant impact worldwide, being the cancer with the second highest mortality rate ("New Targeted Drug," 2014; "SEER Stat Fact," 2013).

Colon cancer is expected to be responsible for about 47,700 deaths (23,100 men and 24,600 women) during 2000. About 8,600 people (4,700 men and 3,900 women) will die from rectal cancer during 2000. The death rate from colorectal cancer has been going down for the past 20 years. This may be because there are fewer cases, more of the cases are found early, and treatments have improved.

Malignant growths in the colon is the third leading cause of cancer in the United States, and is the second leading cause of death from cancer as well, according to research published by the American College of Gastroenterology (http://patients.gi.org/topics/colon-polyps/). By finding and removing colon polyps, the chances of those that can become cancerous doing so is greatly reduced. This is key in reducing the number of colon cancer diagnoses, and saving lives.

Lynch syndrome, also known as Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma (HNPCC), was characterized in 1966 by Henry T. Lynch. His research in the 1960’s was prompted by a single patient’s response. According to (Lynch & Lynch, 2004, p. 182), “…the patient’s response was that he knew that he, like “everyone” in his family, was going to die of cancer, and that it would likely be cancer of the colon, although he realized that many other cancers had also affected the family” (p. 182). Years of research involving this patient’s family led to a common connection. Family N showed a well-defined autosomal dominant mode of genetic transmission of carcinoma of the colon with early age of cancer onset, multiple primaries, and with the integral association of carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary (Lynch & Lynch, 2004, p. 182-183). Therefore, it was found that gene mutations put a person at high risk for CRC and endometrial cancer at a much younger age. Since then, Lynch

Zhu conducted a study to compare the survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer and were treated with a systemic drug, which was oxaliplatin, and those who were treated with CRS-HIPEC. The study showed that those patients who received systemic chemotherapy had an average survival of 24 months, while those who received CRS-HIPEC had a survival of 63 months.16 Randomised studies and other cohort studies have provided encouraging information on the overall survival in patients who have undergone CRS-HIPEC treatment with or without early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC), as compared to those who obtained systemic

(WENY) - Every year nearly 50,000 people die of colon cancer in the United States and is the third leading cause of cancer related deaths.

Colorectal cancer is brought about by an abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body in the colon or rectum of the large intestine.

Colon cancer is considered as the second killer cancer in United States and Western Europe (1). Moreover, in the U.S it is the third common cancer ,and the risk is about 6 percent(1).It mostly affects elderly men and women, and the risk to the people who are African-Americans higher (1). Moreover, a personal history or family history makes the risk greater and the lifestyle effects too (1). For example, if the person overweight or suffers from obesity, that makes him under the risk. However, what is the Colon cancer?, and why is it a deadly disease ?.This will present in this essay based on a definition of colon cancer and its symptoms, screening, treatment.

In the United States (U.S.), colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second major cause of cancer associated deaths. During 2008-2012, per year incidence and mortality counts due to CRC were 42.4 and 15.5 per 100,000 men and women [2]. However, during 2008-2012 the incidence rate of CRC in AA population was 101.2 (16.89% higher) as compared to 84.1 of CA per 100,000 men and women. Moreover, the number of AA deaths associated with CRC was 47.5 (54.72% higher) in comparison with 30.7 CA deaths per 100,000 men and women [2]. CRC patients of AA

One of the most common malignancies is colon cancer as it accounts for approximately 1.5 million new cases globally each year (Ferlay et al. 2015). According to the latest research, the frequency of colon cancer has increased suddenly over the past two decades (Shin et al. 2012). According to statistics, colon cancer accounts for about 15% of bodily cancers and is the main reason for mortality in different countries especially the western countries (Johnston 2005). The third most common cancer in the Canada and US is colon cancer. In the United States about 1.5 million new cases of colon cancer were reported each year (Jemal et al. 2008). The chances and a number of years of survival in colon cancer depend on the stage of the tumor.

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) evolves through clonal evolution and genetic diversification. The clonal evolution model states that cancer cells develop from normal cells that accumulate a series of mutations which give them growth advantage under selective pressure. Genotyping of colorectal cancer has limitations; tissue samples only provide a single snapshot in time which prevents monitoring of tumour progression and there is spatial selection bias due to tissue heterogeneity. Tissue heterogeneity, which can be characterised as distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles between tumour cells, leads to differences in genomic profiles of primary tumours and metastases. This means CRC patients need to be evaluated regularly for an effective treatment strategy. Liquid biopsies are a cheaper, less painful and safer option to monitor responses to treatment and help explain why some cancers are resistant to therapies. They utilize analysis of small pieces of DNA in the bloodstream from dying tumour cells called circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). The ctDNA can be analysed for somatic mutations and compared with known genomic alterations associated with cancer. Figure 1: Shows the binding of a ligand (EGF) to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), resulting in autophosphorylation of the receptor and activation of signal transduction cascades. In cancer cells,

There are five ways that we can do to prevent colorectal cancer in our daily life. First, maintaining a healthy weight. There are at least 11 different cancer have been linked to weight gain and obesity. (siteman.wustl.edu) Second, do not smoke. Smoking can increase your chances to get cancer in addition to heart disease stroke and emphysema. (siteman.wustl.edu) Third, do more exercises. Being physically active lowers the risk of many serious diseases, including colon cancer. (siteman.wustl.edu) Forth, limit red meat or processed food. Eating steak or pork and bacon or sausage can increased the risk of colorectal cancer. (siteman.wustl.edu)Last but not least, get enough calcium and vitamin D. According to statistic, people who did not get enough vitamin D and calcium has a higher risk of colorectal cancer. (siteman.wustl.edu)