For more than 10,000 years the Native American people of the Columbia River region, specifically the Cayuse, Walla Walla and Umatilla Indian tribes, migrated in a yearly cyclical pattern. The tribes would travel from the lowlands of the Columbia River to the highlands in the Blue Mountains in search of safety, shelter, food, opportunities for trade and resources of energy. The most abundant sources of food included elk, deer, salmon, berries and roots. Each of the aforementioned food sources were spread throughout different locales and thus required a continued pattern of movement, place to place from season to season, to collect each target food. Accumulated meats, berries and roots would be stored for the year to come, and to last through …show more content…
Approaching the end of spring and heading into the summer season, the tribes would migrate from the banks of the Columbia River to the foot of the Blue Mountains to dig for roots. Salmon and roots were then dried and stored for use during the following year. At the end of the summer, the tribes transferred their homestead to the upper mountains to hunt elk, deer and pick berries. During fall, the tribes would make their way back down into the lower valleys and banks of the Columbia River to intercept the prosperous number of salmon returning from the ocean to spawn. Using traps, nets, spears and hooks, tribal men collected vast masses of salmon. The tribal women were responsible for cleaning and hanging the salmon to dry. All three tribes would build a winter camp and remain there, relying upon their stored goods until the start of spring at which point the migration cycle would begin again. Despite the reduced populations of salmon due to the Columbia River dams many Native Americans of the Umatilla Indian Reservation still eat the traditional staples of their ancestors, known as first foods, as part of their regular diet (CTUIR, …show more content…
These negotiations resulted in the Umatilla Indian Reservation, the Yakama Indian Reservation and the Nez Perce Reservation. The Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla tribes all agreed to live on the Umatilla Indian Reservation together. The three tribes relinquished more than 6.4 million acres of their native homeland to the United States government, and in return were promised the right to fish, hunt, gather foods and medicines, and graze their livestock both on and off of their designated reservation (see Image 1: Boundary of the CTUIR), giving them continued access to their ancestral land, which is currently recognized as southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon. The tribes were provided a reservation of 510,000 acres on which they were to live. Both the natives and The United States government negotiated the terms and recognized the sovereign authority of those involved. Congress later ratified the treaty on March 8th, 1859. Today, the CTUIR maintains a population of about 2,965 enrolled members (CTUIR Board of Trustees,
The Choctaw Indians were an important tribe, and the largest of the Muskogean tribes. The Choctaws have two stories about their origins in their traditional homeland in central Mississippi. One is that their ancestors came from west of the Mississippi River and settled in what is now the homeland. The other is that the tribe is descended from ancestors who were formed by a spirit from the damp earth of Nanih Waiyah, a large mound in northeastern Mississippi. Either way, the Choctaws resided in places, holding most of Southern Alabama and Mississippi with adjoining parts of Louisiana.
The Creek Indian Tribe created art by using items they found in nature. They used it to tell a story or represent history. Each item that was made had a purpose and was put to use. Many of the items were created just before the Green Corn Festival.
Minnesota offered a healthy, varied diet to the Sioux because of its abundant resources. Once the Sioux settled into the plans and became gathers and hunters, but they were once primarily farmers. In the Beginning of spring the Sioux rise from their winter village, and the men and women go their separate ways. Maple tree groves provides sweet maple
The Sioux tribe followed the buffalo migration because that is what they would mostly eat apart from elk and deer. They used each part of the buffalo for many purposes. They carved the horns into cups and spoons. The teeth became tools and decorations, and were used in ceremonial rattles. The brain was used to process leather. Bones were made into knives, arrowheads, and shovels. Hides were used to make teepee covers, clothes, belts, bag, dolls, and shoes. The hair was used for headdresses and to stuff pillows, pad saddles and weave ropes. The tongue, heart, and liver were eaten right away. Muscles were cut into strips and preserved as jerky.
When Europeans first arrived to America, Indians were living in eight present states: Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, the Virginias, Alabama, and the Carolinas (Museum). Slowly, the Cherokee were forced to sign treaties giving away land to the new nation. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson finally worked to pass a treaty that would force all Indians west of the Mississippi River. It wasn’t until Andrew Jackson
The wada plant, a “seed that was tiny but available in great quantity”; allowed for the mass congregation of the Wada-eaters, as they collected the seed “as well as the seeds of goosefoot, Indian Ricegrass, Great Basin Wild Rye, mule-ear, and other desert plants” (Aikens 17). October-November permitted “the time for deer hunts, antelope drives, and rabbit drives” (Aikens 17); while signaling the time for winter preparation. December-April gave away to the winter, where tribes spent time in their respective encampments enjoying the fruits of they labor achieved during the preceding months, with the occasional escapade “out for fishing, waterfowling, and hunting” (Aikens 17). Through these seasonal influences, we can see that the Northern Paiutes social behavior and migration patterns were greatly affected by the environment. Spring, summer, and fall months were spent hunting and gathering in anticipation of the winter to come. The environmental factors that provided for bountiful harvests of seeds, berries, and meat also provided for gathering places “where people could also come together and celebrate, exchange, trade, provide courtship rituals, marry, form alliances, and other important social
The northern tribes used bones and deer antlers to make knives, scrapers, awls, fishing tools, whistles, and pendants. The first tribes denpended on agriculture were those that lived on the Atlantic Costal Plain. They learned how to make pottery and cloth. The cloth was woven with thread made from soft layers of splint baskets. They made musical instruments like pipers, rattles, drums, nd they were played during ruitals and ceremonies dances. They built two types of houses, long houses, and wigwams. The first type was formed by bending poles into a cone or dome shape and by tying the poles together with vines. The frame was covered with woven mats, bark, or hide . These people grew corn, squash, beans, pumpkins, and tobacco.
I picked the Chinook tribe, which is a northwestern tribe located around the columbian river, or today's Washington and Oregon. The land and climate really defined how the Chinook people lived and is why it’s defined as a folk culture. The Chinook tribe is around large forests that the tribe uses to build canoes and large houses. The Chinook tribe would build these large houses and many people could live inside, these houses were made out of red cedar a tree that was very abundant in the area. The Climate where the Chinook tribe located was very harsh but easy at times. The climate existed of very rainy seasons with very hot seasons that defined what the Chinook tribe would wear. The Chinook tribe would wear little to nothing on the hot
Northern Indians depended on hunting and gathering. During the spring they lived near the river which allowed them to catch fish, whales and seals. Children would catch birds and bird eggs for food. They kept their hunting to a moderation which allowed animal populations to be sustained. They also ate native plants such as strawberries, raspberries, and other wild plants. During the months of October through March Indians moved to the forest where they hunted beaver, moose and deer. They tried to use every part of the animals they hunted; they used the animals' skin as clothing and their bones as tools. Certain tribes had rules on what to do with left over animal parts. They kept population from increasing in the winter by not storing enough food, which caused some Indians to die during the winter. They also set big forest fires during the summer and fall, which in the long run increased nutrients in the soil. An abundance of grass for the animals made the soil warmer and drier, which allowed oak trees to grow. When the colonists arrived everything changed, the land began to be altered.
The tribe that I am researching for my curriculum module is the Kootenai Tribe. In this project I would like to learn the history of this tribe; from their first encounter with western settlers to the present times. I would also like to know the political history, and the impacts that this tribe has had on treaties and other government documents. This tribe has peaked my interest in the last few years because, after living in Montana all my life I have heard a lot about the Salish Tribe, but not the Kootenai. I want to know why that is, and why if the Salish and Kootenai joined together on the Flathead Reservation and created the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, why is the Kootenai history ignored?
* At first, early settlers of America formed small nomadic groups, hunting and fishing to obtain food.
The methods of both hunting and gathering of the Cahuilla Indians are spectacular since most people consider a desert region to be inhospitable. Yet the Cahuilla had an abundance of food by implementing different methods to acquire food. Using both hunting and gathering techniques they were able to successfully plan their life’s out in order to live. They had great organizational and planning skills which were the major reason they were able to live in such a desolate place. Their
American Indian tribes have flourished in America before the Europeans made the initial discovery of this free land. The Cherokees were one of the first Indian tribes recognized in the new world. They began their foundations around 8000 B.C. in North Carolina. Consisting of nearly 300,000 tribe members, this tribe is still flourishing all around the world today.
*Native Americans, explorers, fur trappers, and traders all made use of this river network. The rivers provided access for early settlers to the new frontier. As settlers cleared land and grew crops, rivers and lakes carried supplies, delivered crops to markets, and floated logs to sawmills. The downcutting of the river exposed a variety of resources along the banks, including clay, rocks, coal, and minerals.
Advances in food storage techniques by Native Americans resulted in food surpluses, territoriality, and sedentarism. Food storage pits and their superior successors, pottery containers, allowed people to store surplus amounts of food, such as nuts. Since the containers that held the excess food were far too heavy to transport, people became sedentary and remained in one location. Another consequence associated with a surplus of edible resources was an increase in population. More people were available to help with the acquisition of food, but more people also needed to be fed. Therefore, escalating amounts of food needed to be gathered and stored. The unending cycle of producing and feeding an exponentially expanding group coupled with decreased