Commercial Surrogacy : A Current Complex Issue That Evokes Strong Moralistic Response

Why the law is contradictory and ineffective when it comes to overseas surrogacy- Altruistic surrogacy is diversely regulated by the states and territories, raising the issue of the interaction of those laws in international cases. Commercial surrogacy is prohibited in Australia, but is permitted in other countries. An increasing number of Australians exploit this difference by entering into commercial surrogacy agreements overseas, raising the question of the effect of such agreements in Australia. Suggesting that the well-meaning regulation of altruistic surrogacy and criminalisation of commercial surrogacy within Australia is likely to be ineffective in cross-border situations. Accordingly, suggests to reform the Australian law and endorses

I read an article that was published on The Hasting Center Journal, called “The Case Against Surrogate Parenting”, by Herbert Krimmel, Krimmel takes a stand against surrogate motherhood arrangements because of the many ethical issues it causes, he argues surrogate motherhood, is a financial profit, there can be conflicts during the process, and is designed to separate in the mind of the surrogate mother. First, Krimmel argues that the reason a woman often or always undertakes the pregnancy is because of the money motive. He states, “The cause of this dissociation is some other benefit she will receive, most often money.' In other words, her desire to create a child is born of some motive other than the desire to be a parent. This separation

Commercial surrogacy is the process in which a woman is paid a fee to carry and deliver a baby to term. Once the baby is delivered, the woman relinquishes all parental rights to the commissioning couple who exclusively raise the child as their own. Altruistic surrogacy, by contrast, is an arrangement where the surrogate receives reimbursement but only for the expenses that she may have incurred during the pregnancy. In this essay I will argue that commercial surrogacy should not be market-inalienable. I will start by outlining Elizabeth Anderson’s argument in “Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?” in which she offers a number of criticisms to commercial surrogacy. I will then outline objections to the argument and highlight how her argument is highly speculative and does not provide an adequate basis for the prohibition of commercial surrogacy.

Purdy defends surrogate mothering from a consequentialist point of view. Her case is founded on two premises: firstly, that surrogacy is favourable (that is, it brings about pleasure and reduces pain), and secondly, that the practice is only non-traditional and not morally reprehensible. She thus concludes that "appealing to the sacrosanctity of traditional marriage or of blood ties to prohibit otherwise acceptable practices that would satisfy people 's desires hardly makes sense", and thus, surrogacy should be permissible (Purdy, 1999).

In Canada, 1 in 6 people will experience infertility where they have trouble conceiving (Fertilitymatters.ca, 2015). Unfortunately, Canada currently does not have reliable statistics on surrogate pregnancy (Lozanski, 2015). Presently, over 4.5 million children have been born through assisted reproductive technologies and this number is increasing each year (Golombok, Blake, Casey, Roman & Jadva, 2013). Even though surrogacy is legal in Canada, surrogates are prohibited from making profit through surrogacy (Surrogacy in Canada Online [SCO], 2015). The Assisted Human Reproduction Act was passed in 2004 where it outlines a surrogate may only be reimbursed for out of pocket expenses including maternity wear (SCO, 2015). Some of the things that

Opponents argue that surrogacy is putting a price tag on women and their ability to bear children. They also view it as unfair for the child conceived, more as it is essentially putting a value on the child. They support this with the example shown here, “the decision of one couple to conceive a child to use their bone marrow as a donor for its sibling” (Pyton). Even recently, surrogacy has been an issue with gay marriage being legal. Critics argue that children should be raised by a mother and a father, but often surrogacy is used to help gay couples have children. Also, throughout surrogacy many problems could arise. In fact, 20 percent of embryo fertilizations end in miscarriages (Pyton). There is only a one in five chance of birth with no complications.

Throughout The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood there begins to become a clear difference in the personal attitudes the Handmaid's have towards surrogacy compared to attitudes of modern day surrogates. In modern day society, Americans are very proud of the free will they have, giving them the ability to choose endless possibilities of who and what they want to be. Becoming a surrogate is a choice made 100% by women, offering their wombs to couples who may be experiencing fertility complications. With not only the willingness to be extreamly helpful, these women are also being compensated for this choice. According to Growing Generations, a suggocasy website, women are making anywhere from $42,000 - $75,000 per child. Having the ability

Gestational surrogacy is when a woman, referred to as a surrogate, is pregnant with and gives birth to a baby that is not genetically related to her. A gestational surrogacy usually takes place when a couple is unable to get pregnant and or carry a baby. In most cases it is because a woman has an unhealthy or nonexistent uterus. Gestational surrogacy is also some times used by gay couples who want to start a family. The pregnancy is created with a medical procedure called in vitro fertilization where fertilized eggs are transferred into the surrogate’s uterus using a needle. The entire gestational surrogacy process is usually handled by a surrogacy agency. They handle everything from finding a

There are many couples in the world that cannot conceive babies. Surrogacy has helped millions of families and individuals have children. Some people say that surrogacy is unhealthy for the surrogate mothers and that it employs immoral methods for achieving pregnancy and parenthood; however, surrogacy allows everyone to be able to have a child of their own even if they cannot physically conceive one, it is beneficial to society, and it does not carry the same stigma as it did years ago.

There are many ethical considerations and implications when it comes to surrogacy. Questions arise of what is right and what is not, especially when it comes to the child. There has been a positive “compassionate” case when it comes to surrogacy in the situation that a 48-year-old grandmother carried triplets for her daughter who was unable to bear children due to infertility issues. While other dilemmas arise such as potential court battles over custody of a child conceived outside of marriage, reducing birth to a legal arrangement for the exchange of money, and future emotional distress of the child when learned they were taken away from their biological mother. As well as embarrassment for the surrogate mother whose actions some people have likened to prostitution and harm to the surrogate mother’s own children when they learn she has given one child away and have received money in return (Textbook). There are also many ethical implications in the surrogacy process. Ethical issues arise with the question of the involvement of the surrogate mother and with the identity of the child. The surrogate mother will most likely not be the child’s primary caretaker and legal questions could

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse (six months if the woman is over the age 35) or the inability to carry a pregnancy to live birth. In the United States, 7.4 million women have been stricken with the disease. 1 To resolve this issue, potential parents look for other options to add to their growing family. Gestational surrogacy is the last resort for many of these families. It uses a process known as In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to create an embryo using the ova/eggs from the prospective mother and sperm from the father that is implanted in the gestational surrogate (International Assisted Reproduction Center). These surrogates are then compensated for the services which they are providing. Many would agree that this is the right thing to do because this mutual exchange is maximizing happiness for both parties. However, this is not the case for Elizabeth Anderson, a distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan. Anderson argues that “commercial surrogate contracts objectionably commodify children because they regard parental rights over children not as trusts to be allocated in the best interests of the child, but as lie property rights, to be allocated at the will of the parents” (Anderson 19). I strongly agree with Anderson’s argument because commercial surrogacy is strictly for the

Surrogacy is defined as the method or agreement whereby a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another person or persons, who will become the newborn child's parent(s) after birth. The controversies that surround this are mainly directed at 2 main points : Whether surrogacy in ethical or commercial.

Surrogate motherhood is a very controversial topic nowadays. In this essay I will discuss why surrogacy contracts are highly important and highly beneficial for the prospect parents and for the surrogate mother. Perhaps if surrogate motherhood is permitted and the contracts are “held to be legally binding, then childless couples who would like to have children that are genetically related to them would be much happier than if the contracts were not permitted, and of course there is the happiness of the children who would otherwise not be born”(Philosopy.wisc.edu). In some cases surrogate mothers may end up being a little bit bugged out, mentally disturbed or maybe attached to a baby that’s not theirs, but these cases are rare; and in most cases women who serve as surrogates may be happier for the opportunity to earn money and to help others by giving them what they can’t physically have, the gift of life. Surrogate motherhood helps to by giving happiness to childless parents.

Surrogate motherhood refers to that condition of a fertile (footnote) woman who has been contracted to become impregnated via reproductive technologies such as donor or artificial insemination. It is that condition wherein that fertile woman also has agreed to transfer her rights on the child to the biological parents after giving birth. This is bounded by a contract that was signed by the contracting parents and the surrogate. The reasons for this generally fall into two categories. Either the contracting couple is unable to produce a child or they would prefer to eliminate or enhance certain genetic traits. My argument would apply to either case. For the purpose of this paper, the motivations are irrelevant and the logic following

To understand any topic in full, its necessary to know the meanings of the terms related to it. Hence the paper will start with definitions of the terms of the sub theme. It will help and enhance better understanding of the topic.