Common Gastrointestinal ( Gi ) Medical Emergency

Premature babies sometimes have apnea. It may happen together with a slow heart rate. Respiratory distress syndrome or RDS is a breathing problem most common in babies born before 34 weeks of pregnancy.” Babies with RDS don’t have a protein called surfactant that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. “Intraventricular hemorrhage or IVH is bleeding in the brain. It usually happens near the ventricles in the center of the brain. A ventricles is a space in the brain that’s filled with fluid. Patent ductus ateriosus or PDA is a heart problem that happens in the connection between two major blood vessels near the heart. If the ductus do not close properly after birth, a baby can have breathing problems or heart failure. Heart failure is when enough blood can’t get pumped into the heart causing it to shut down. Necrotizing enter colitis (NEC) is a problem with a baby’s intestines. It causes feeding problems, a swollen belly and diarrhea. It sometimes happens 2 to 3 weeks after a premature bay has been born. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye. ROP can lead to vision loss. Jaundice is when a baby's eyes and skin look yellow. A baby has jaundice when his liver isn't fully developed or isn't working well. Anemia is when a baby doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the rest of the body. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a lung condition that can develop in premature babies as well as babies who have treatment with a breathing machine. Babies with BPD sometimes develop fluid in the lungs, scarring and lung damage. Premature babies often have trouble fighting off germs because their immune systems are not fully formed. Infections that may affect a premature baby include pneumonia, a lung infection; sepsis, a blood infection; and meningitis, an infection in the fluid around the brain and

Academic GI will be responsible for notifying the patient of appt date, time, and location.

Necrotizing Fasciitis is a bacterial infection which causes the tissue under the skin to be destroyed. This flesh-eating infection is caused by more than one type of bacteria making it rare in many cases. Once the bacteria enter the body, it can quickly spread causing it to be deadly. The fascia, which is the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels, nerves, fat, and muscles is infected making the body weak and lack support. In order to acquire this infection the skin needs to be broken such as getting a cut, scrape, or wound. With small injuries

To begin, there would be several different ways to diagnosis acute gastroenteritis. Aftab and Churgay (2012) discuss how they would define diarrhea as having three or more water or loose stools in a 24-hour period, which is seen in this patient. Then the diarrhea would be noninflammatory due to it not having any blood or mucus in it along with having no fever present. Aftab and Churgay (2012) would include history such as “how often the child is urinating and having bowel movements, whether vomiting is interfering with the child's ability to keep down fluids and solid food, the duration of illness, the nature of the stools (e.g., whether

Hirsch sprung disease is a disease that shows several Signs and symptoms. Approximately more than 75% of children with Hirsch sprung disease show symptoms in the beginning of six weeks of their lives. Newborns frequently begin showing symptoms with in the earliest 24 to 48 hours of life. the most common signs and symptoms infants may experience during Hirsch sprung disease are as the following: Not having a bowel movement in the first 48 hours of life, gradual swelling of the belly, gradual onset of vomiting, fever, sepsis (overwhelming infection), growth failure, refusal to feed, easily palpable fecal mass, foul smelling stool, constipation or a condition in which there is difficulty in emptying the bowels that usually associated with hardened feces that worsens over time, and Small watery stool( Cincinnati children's hospital,2017)

Infant’s stomachs are small, and as a result,

The main issue is whether the CAO correctly denied the Appellant’s MA benefits because he is an unqualified non-citizen that does not have an emergency medical condition. In issuing an administrative determination of this issue, the undersigned ALJ reviewed the Regulations governing the MA program as well as applicable case law. The Department’s Regulations define an “Emergency Medical Condition” as:

An uncontrollable diarrhea following whelping and throughout much of lactation. This is most often seen when she must increase her food intake excessively to meet increased lactational demands because the food she has been eating is poorly digestible or low in calories.

There are many diseases and illnesses in this day and age that can cause harm. One of these illnesses is intussusception. This particular illness is found in children and can be life-threatening if it isn't found in the early stages. Intussusception occurs when a segment of bowel is pulled into itself by the means of peristalsis. This can cause a blockage in the intestinal tract, and cause severe pain to the child. An easy way to find this illness is by diagnostic tools. To understand how intussusception takes hold over the body, you have to start with the cause of the illness. (Weerakkody & Amini, 2015).

Abdomen: abdomen round, soft and symmetrical. No visible bowel loops or masses. Active bowel sound, umbilical cord and periumbilical site intact and dry. No swelling, redness, drainage or foul odor present.

Exomphalos can be linked to genetic abnormalities and it may occur with any age of the mother (“Contact a Family,” 2012). Gastroschisis is characterised by a defect in the abdominal wall and it is positioned to one side of the umbilical cord, typically the right side. In most cases the bowel will develop out of the abdomen. The bowel will remain out of the abdomen for the remaining time of the pregnancy. In some cases, the amniotic “ fluid irritates the bowel and makes it inflamed and thick, so that it does not work properly. Sometimes the bowel becomes twisted as it floats in the fluid and the blood supply is restricted.” (“Contact a Family,” 2012). At birth, the bowel can become further irritated when it is exposed to the air. Gastroschisis is associated with younger mothers; if the mother is under 20 years old, the risk of her child having gastroschisis is twelve times more likely (“Contact a Family,” 2012). Gastroschisis is typically not linked with any other abnormality, which means that is almost always an isolated abnormality (“Contact a Family,” 2012).

The second phase of the disease involves the bacteria entering the immune tissue of the small intestine. This causes vomiting and diarrhea, often described as "pea soup." If left untreated, the bacteria can create a hole in the small intestine, causing intestinal matter to flood the abdominal area. If one is lucky enough to survive this illness without treatment, he or she can still be a carrier of the germs long after the symptoms have disappeared.

Acute surgical emergencies constitute about 50 per cent of all general surgical admissions. About halfofthese are for abdominal symptoms, predominantly pain, and half of this group resolve withtiut operation, Tbe rest undergo emergency surgery or a scheduled procedure during the same admission (Birkittand Quick 2002), The common causes of abdominal pain are summarised, however, this is not an exhaustive list. Appendicitis Appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency (Longmoreei a/2004). Appendicitis is inflammation ofthe appendix, and as the iníLimmatory process begins, there is colicky pain that usually starts around the umbilicus or epigastrium. However, as the inflammation increases and the peritoneum becomes involved, the pain shifts to the right iliac fossa (within the right lower quadrant). Associated symptoms may include loss of appetite, vomiting, constipation and occasional diarrhoea. Biliary colic Biliary colic describes tbe symptoms caused by intermittent cystic duct or common bile duct obstruction caused by gallstones. Typically patients are female and overweight. Pain is usually colicky and localised in tbe right upper quadrant and in the epigastrium radiating to tbe back. Pain has a sudden onset and is

“MOMMY! MAWWWMMY!” the little girl dressed like a princess shouted. “What? Whaaat?” The mother asked, glaring at a little computer screen.“I’m going to be a ballerina, pegasus, princess when I grow up,” the little one proclaimed proudly. “That’s great sweetie,” mom said cheerfully while turning to see her little peanut twirl and lose her balance. “SEE!” She squeaked stumbling to the side a bit and flashing the biggest, tiny smile. Mom clapped encouragingly. Almost every little girl or boy dreams of being a hair stylist, ballerina, football player, firefighter, veterinarian you name it, but not every tiny tike dreams of being a gastroenterologist. To be honest, neither did I. At least not until I was a tiny tot plus about twelve years.

CSBS is a rare, complex clinical disorder of the newborn with extreme mortality rate. This feature is characterized by malabsorption and diarrhea as a result of shortened small intestine with mean length of 50cm compared to normal length of 190-280 cm (Siebert et al., 1980; Reiquam et al., 1965). In several cases, colon was affected too (Sabharwal et al., 2003; Sarimurat et al., 1998; Iwai et al., 1985). Malabsorption may develop nutrient deficiencies. SBS is defined as a condition in which poor growth, fatty stools, malnutrition, abdominal pain and dehydration occurs (Hamilton et al., 1969). Developmental defect can cause malrotation of the intestine which is always present in these patients. They usually have normal mental ability (Ordonez et al., 2006; Schalamon et al., 1999). CSBS patients are born with functional or anatomical loss of adequate small bowel length that is a consequence of surgical resection or congenital disease of an important part of the small intestine (Erez et al., 2001). Behind them, receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) is required for patients with intestinal failure as a life-saving therapy. Also, it should be continued for the first two years of life (Dorney et al., 1986;