Common Masculine Themes of Superheroes Explained in Complex Masculinities: The Superhero in Modern American Movies

The emphasis of these characteristics coupled with the prevalence and narrative authority of superheroes constitute a type of hegemonic masculinity, defined as the “culturally exalted form of masculinity,” which is linked to institutional power and the subjugation of women (Aulette and Wittner 527). Hegemonic masculinity suggests that there is one correct way to hold power, and that it is hypermasculine, a standard reinforced by dominant trends in comic book portrayals of superheroes. Any grand deviation from these stringent ideals creates a subordinated masculinity, one that challenges the dominant narrative of hypermasculinity, though often throwing into question the identity of the man in question (8). On the surface, the characters in Watchmen seem to bend to these ideals, but as each of them lack or challenge key aspects of hypermasculinity they serve to question both its importance and the misogynistic basis of hegemonic masculinity.

Representation refers to the construction of media languages which are used to portray a particular type of filmic world to an audience (slide). This essay shall outline different treatments of filmmaking used to establish certain societal groups from the critically acclaim superhero film The Dark Knight (2008) directed by Christopher Nolan. This sequel film follows Batman, with help from Lieutenant James Gordon, and new district attorney Harvey Dent eradicating crime from Gotham city until a crazy mastermind criminal, the Joker appears in Gotham, creating chaos. The first paragraph introduces the stereotypical representation of masculinity in superhero film through the aspects of mise-en-scene and acting of the male protagonist. Storyline and mise-en-scene help establish the representation of pretty, leading- female characters that semi-disrupts the damsel in distress stereotype. Before lastly describing the representation of menacing villains through cinematography decisions, sound and an actor’s performance.

Society faces an issue that is not usually addressed because it is seen as the norm in today’s American culture. It is the crisis of masculinity. The notion of how men should be portrayed is not usually identified as a problem; today’s society views men’s apathetic and exasperated exterior as the orthodox behavior of everyday life. Boys at a young age are taught by the popular culture that they need to be a “real man” - strong physically and emotionally. The mask many men put up is based on the extreme idea of masculinity that emphasizes toughness, physical strength and gaining the respect of others through violence or the explicit threat of it. This front is put up by men because they do not want to stray from what is accepted, for men who

This research looks at the association of masculinity with violence, racism, power and the objectification of women, which has been around since early civilization. This study also shows how these concepts are still evident today in the media. Masculinity in the media is portrayed as muscular, violent, angry, aggressive, dominant, and warrior like. The rhetoric in media, as it relates to masculinity, has influenced the amount of violence in the world.

Hatfield states, “Fictional television can be seen either as an influence on, or reflection of, culture—the shared norms, values, and beliefs held by a society. Yet many groups exist within a society and multiple value systems may be at play” (p.530). On television and in movies there are very few forms of masculinity shown. The majority of male masculinity usually ranges from gun toting hard asses, to a playboy, to the effeminate man that is often there for comic relief. Men in society do not always fit into these three categories. Masculinity is a much more complex and complicated identity to develop. There are shows like 24 where the main character, Jack Bauer, is a governmental agent going around the world in twenty-four hours to stop terrorism. He is unattached emotionally and highly dangerous. This does not represent a real form of masculinity that we have in today’s culture. There are men that probably do fit into the same category as the fictional character, but they are very unlike the average males in society today. A second common type of masculinity shown on television is the playboy style masculinity: men that have multiple sexual partners and seem to have the ultimate bachelor lifestyle with no worries or concerns. According to Ward, Merriwether, and Caruthers “ because men do not live in isolation, their beliefs about masculinity are likely to influence not only

In the 2011 film, Captain America: The First Avenger by Joe Johnston, a rejected military soldier transforms into Captain America after taking a super-soldier serum to fight in the war against a terrorist organization, and discovers that to be the hero everyone loves sacrifices have to be made. Steve Rogers, the main character, symbolizes a young man who wants to fight for their country in World War 2, but is too weak and small to be enlisted. The film reinvents the typical man by making Steve into a super-soldier making him taller, stronger, and better looking, thereby encompassing the physicality of masculinity. However, Steve ultimately rejects the modern conceptions of what it means to be a man which creates a new type of masculinity that focuses more on emotions and natural goodness, and is therefore somewhat feminized. Although the film appears to just be another stereotypical representation of a male leading others to victory fearlessly, it also challenges the hegemonic codes for masculinity while also presenting an idea of what a “real” man should be.

The concept of a hero has been around for many generations, and the meaning of a hero is defined in ways people grasp its idea. A hero can be a person who has a superpower and is willing to make a personal sacrifice for the benefit of others or can be an ordinary everyday person who just wants to help people out of his or her own heart. Linda Seger’s article, “Creating the Myth,” tackles the idea of a “Hero 's Myth,” and shows the ten steps of how heroes are transformed from an ordinary person to the Savior. On the other hand, Robert B. Ray piece titled, “The Thematic Paradigm,” emphasizes that in modern films, it is either having an “Outlaw Hero or an Official Hero,” which he uses three stages to demonstrates how they are different each other in the way they perform in the society. Further, the article, “Out of Character: Wonder Woman’s Strength Is Her Compassion - What Happened?” by Stevie St. John, explains how Wonder Woman was viewed as a compassionate woman in the 1940s and 1950s, and in the 2000s she changes into a more violent person. In this essay, I argue that a hero is subjective, and is defined by the villain or event that they had to adapt to suddenly.

Masculinity can be defined as the behaviours, social roles, and relations of men within a given society in addition to the meanings that are attributed to them. The term masculinity stresses gender, unlike male, which stresses biological sex. Despite, this we often times see masculinity being represented as directly correlating to men with an inability to adhere to this is shown making you less of a "man". As put by Katz (1999) there is an expectation that men on screen must be void of emotion, not backing down from a fight, tough and an embodiment of the male gaze. Katz (1999) argues that essentially what

The portrayal of superheroes in films has changed in terms of their character, appearance, style and strength. Superheroes has been a popular theme in hollywood films since its inception. They are what peoples imagination can only think of. A perfect human being who saves the world .The first time superhero appeared on T.V was “The Adventures of Captain Marvel” in 1941. Superheroes was on the rise within popular comic books in 1930′s to the 1940’s as well in which they were considered the ‘Golden Age of Comic Books’ . Comic books became widespread and popular which translated into making films about them.

Lucas in her articles regarding Australian masculinity presented in cinemas suggests that the themes of social perception and presentation of masculinity and maleness have been repeatedly used in Australian cinemas (Lucas Page 138). She adds that images of masculinity in cinema may reflect and maintain the dominant hegemonic masculinity, but as well may also challenge the dominant concepts of masculinity (Lucas 139). A large number of Australian cinemas display standard perspectives of masculinity, which promotes the binary impression of male and maleness, which includes logical, domination, violence or competition (Lucas page 139-140).

Culture is something that defines what society is and how it will act. As a result of this cultures evolve and shift over time. This evolution of culture is encouraged, a culture that is stagnant and not changing is one that will ultimately die and fade away. But because this evolution is caused by humans it is an imperfect evolution and many times as a result harmful things come to be integral parts of society. As stated in “Evolving Ideals of Male Body Image as Seen Through Action Toys” we can see one of the negative results of this evolution is the drive to perfect ones image so that it will match that of the stated “standard”. This essay goes into great detail about how action figures of male movie characters and superheroes have evolved into a glorified image of the male figure with proportions and physical features that are not humanly possible, thus having a great impact on how young children perceive how they should look as they grow up. Having the mindset that is portrayed by these actions figures is even dangerous on this small scale. Ideals are many times not degraded and destroyed by one main factor, but rather a combination of many different variables. Current cultural norms today dictate that we conform ourselves to what is accepted. From how we look, who we are friends with, even what we eat. This trend is dangerous and threatens the diversity that has made human kind great.

In addition, we will explore the context in which the members of the group communicate with their intended audience using mass communication. The last part will try to examine the recent changes in the comic-book world in regard to giving the traditional male superhero role to a female lead and what changes might it bring forth by breaking some of the female gender stereotypes and norms.

Strong, Independent, Intimidating, Powerful, Strong, Independent, In control, Rugged, Scares people, Powerful, Respected, Hard, A stud, Athletic, Muscular, A real man is tough, Tough, Tough” These are the responses of young men when they were asked what they believed what being a man was in the movie Tough Guise. This is a movie by Jackson Katz who is an anti-violence educator. The media that is taken in by the young men in our society is a very violent one. The men in most movies are portrayed as violent, tough, powerful, and criminals. The roles played by these men create an image for these young men making it seem ideal to be like them. The media influences the men and makes them have the negative portrayal of what a man is supposed to be. Masculinity reaches many people by influence through others.

Masculinity, a seemingly simple concept. Yet, when examined more closely, it is clear that masculinity is constantly changing in its definition as well as in its most basic essence. Throughout the years, one can see this evolution firsthand by looking back at the men who have been portrayed in popular media in the United States of America. From the suave Don Draper types of the 1950s to the more casual, educated, and easygoing men- with perfectly chiseled abs, of course- that are portrayed in media today, the difference is clear. This drastic, yet unsurprising, shift in ideals, as well as the exponential increase of media consumed every day, has led to a change in how “masculinity” is perceived, as well as how it is enforced by society in the modern day. Alarmingly, this trend has led to the birth of so-called “toxic masculinity”, a bastardization of the original ideas behind masculinity which has created an enormous, detrimental effect on society as a whole. As defined in the article The Difference Between Toxic Masculinity and Being a Man, toxic masculinity is “manhood as defined by violence, sex, status, and aggression. It’s the cultural ideal of manliness, where strength is everything… where sex and brutality are yardsticks by which men are measured,” (O’Malley) This is a clearly displayed truth, and it’s astounding to see how even from a young age boys are taught not to show emotions other than anger, conditioned to believe that being “like a girl” is the worst possible

Frequently, most superheroes in cinema are portrayed by male characters rather than women, creating a distinction between gender roles. Indeed, through the passage, “These results may suggest to viewers that women are less important, knowledgeable, and capable than men – and less likely to be a hero” (Miller et. al) women are much less likely to be featured as the hero within the film, and more likely to be featured as the “damsel in distress” of the story. Furthermore, women are much more likely to be depicted in a sexualized fashion, even when displayed in the role of hero. This feature of women with a lack of dominance defies feminism, as they lack roles in superhero films and they are portrayed with the sole purpose of boasting