Common Types Of Primary Bone Cancer

It is the most common bone disease and more common in women and in the elderly

Osteosarcoma is also called osteogenic sarcoma in medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). This cancer usually develops in growing bones. Although it can occur at any age, it‘s most commonly found in teenagers and young adults and is slightly more common in males than females. Any bone in the body can be affected, but the most common sites are the arms or legs, particularly around the knee joint(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). This cancer is caused by benign tumors and other bone diseases, radiation exposure, genetic factors, children, adolescents, males more than females.(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012)

The tumor doesn’t have a specific location of origin; therefore occurring anywhere in the body, most often staring in long bones of the legs, arms, chest, the pelvis, skull or the flat bones of the trunk. It is also common that the tumor often spreads (metastasizes) to the lungs, other bones, bone marrow, and soft tissue, such as cartilages and nerves. It is normally seen that about one-third of the children with Ewing’s sarcoma has spread through the body during the duration of the diagnosis.

Osteosarcoma is an ancient disease that still has some mystery behind it. Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the bones. It is also the most common type of bone cancer, and makes up 65% of all bone cancer. However, it is a very rare cancer and has fewer than 20,000 cases per year in The USA. The cells that form an osteosarcoma make bone matrix, similar to osteoblasts. However, the bone matrix of an osteosarcoma is not as strong as a bone matrix from an osteoblast, and therefore is not as strong as normal bones. The most common age group affected by osteosarcoma is children and young adults. However, osteosarcoma can occur at any age. Osteosarcoma is most commonly found in areas of the bone that grow quickly, which is why children are more likely to get this type of cancer. The most common place to find osteosarcoma is the end of long bones, especially in the knee, distal femur, and proximal tibia. The proximal humerus is typically the most common site. The treatments of

Carcinomas- glands, organs and tissues, arise from epithelial cell lining external and internal body surfaces; most common cancer

Although the disease often occurs in adolescent or young women, it more commonly appears between 30 and 50 years of age.

the American Cancer Society there are benign tumors, which are rare and often develop in

Osteosarcoma(OS) is a primary malignant tumor of bone which is characterized by the formation of osteoid tissue. Although it is the most common malignancy of long bones after multiple myeloma [2], it is a relatively rarer entity in the craniofacial region. About 6% of Oss arise in the jaws .The estimated incidence of the new cases of Jaw OS (JOS) per year is 0 .07 in 100,000. (1) The etiology of OS is unknown, but some risk factors such as a previous history of ionizing radiation, alkylating agent, retinoblastoma and benign bone lesions such as paget disease and fibro osseous dysplasia have been associated with the development of head and neck OS.(2-4) JOS occur with a peak in the third through fifth decades of life. The mean age is

during adolescent growth, which could be why 80% of all osteosarcoma childhood cases occur in the lower long bones and at the time of puberty (Mirabello & Savage 5). The chances of a cell dividing uncontrollably are increased at a time of rapid cell growth when there is many more cells dividing that could go suddenly go uncontrolled, and therefore the answer of how osteosarcoma is ignited could lie in puberty. On the contrary, the answer may be found in a small gene that prevents osteosarcoma patients from responding well to the chemotherapy treatment.

It destroys bone tissue and it's mostly common in arms and legs. There are three different types of bone cancer which are separated based on the type of cell. One of them is osteosarcoma, where cancer starts in the bone cells and occurs more often in the long bones and can spread to the lungs. This type of cancer is most frequent in children and teens and it is Feiler's case. Chondrosarcoma is another type of bone cancer, but in this case, cancer begins in the cartilage cells. The last type of bone cancer is known as the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFTs), which often occurs in the legs, pelvis and arms and affects mainly children and young adults. Some signs and symptoms of bone cancer include pain in the affected bone, swelling in that particular area of the bone, fracture of the bone, or even weight loss. Bone cancer can be treated in various ways depending on the type of cancer, location and stage but the main treatments used to fight this illness are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy and even the combination of the three. Currently, there's anything we can do to prevent bone cancer like other types of

Cancer affects individuals from all backgrounds, regardless of class, age, gender or ethnicity. It is known to be the leading cause of death in many countries (World Health Organization, 2013). According to the Canadian Cancer Society (2013) approximately half of all Canadians will develop cancer at some point during their lifetime. There are many different types of cancers affecting various regions of the body. A sarcoma is one classification of cancer that arises from connective tissues present in the body including bone, fat, muscles, blood vessels or the linings of joints (American Cancer Society, 2014). Rhabdomyosarcoma is defined as a cancerous tumor of undifferentiated skeletal muscle, and generally involves regions of the head and neck (Ojo, Si, Pelaez, & Younis, 2014). Rhabdomyosarcoma can be classified into three main types: embryonal, alveolar and anaplastic (Kikuchi et al., 2013). The purpose of this paper is to explore the disease process of rhabdomyosarcoma and analyze the findings relative to nursing practice.

According to the American Cancer Society, sarcomas are cancers that develop from connective tissues in the body, such as muscles, fat, bones, the linings of joints, or blood vessels. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a cancer made up of cells that normally develop into skeletal muscles.

American Cancer Society (2014) states that osteosarcoma is a rare cancer that starts primarily in the bone. According to the American Cancer Society (2014), annually, about 800 people are newly diagnosed with osteosarcoma in the United States of America. Among the newly diagnosed cases, 400 are children and teenagers. Osteosarcoma is usually observed in children, adolescents and adults ages 10 to30. Of the three mentioned, teenagers are mostly affected, nonetheless osteosarcoma can happen at any stage. Osteosarcoma usually begins in the legs, close to the end of the long bones primarily targeting the knee. Another commonplace for osteosarcoma to be present is near the

Larger examples may necessitate resection and reconstruction with a bone graft (Mintz & Velez, 2007). Because of the presence of a fibrous capsule, the tumour typically easily comes out in one piece from its bony crypt during curettage (Slootweg, 1996, Waldron, 1993). This tendency to shell out in one or a few pieces clinically differentiates OF from FocOD. Microscopically, the presence of a fibrous capsule separating the tumour from adjacent bone can be a useful distinguishing feature (Waldron, 1993). Recurrence rate is highly variable according to different studies. Some authors claim it is very low or inexistent (Brannon & Fowler, 2001, Waldron, 1985), while others have reported a 12-28% recurrence rate (Eversole et al., 1985a, MacDonald-Jankowski, 2009b). Until now, no microscopic feature distinguishes the tumours that have a higher risk of recurrence (Eversole et al., 1985a). Long-term radiographic follow-up is therefore recommended for patients with OF. For cases with rapid growth, a tendency to recur, especially affecting children, a diagnosis of juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) should be considered. Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the tumour suppressor gene HRPT2, should be suspected in patients presenting OF of the jaws, familial hyperparathyroidism, renal cysts and Wilms tumours (Chen et al.,

Bone tissue is a connective tissue with an abundant matrix of intercellular substances that encloses widely separated cells. The bone matrix is made up of an inorganic component known as mineral salts that hardens the bone, and an inorganic component – collagen fibres and an amorphous mixture called ground substance, which gives the bone its strength (Tortora, Grabowski 2001). There are three types of cells that can be found in the bone, they are osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. Osteoblasts are the cells that synthesizes a specialized organic material called osteoid which is important in the build-up of mineralized bone, osteoclasts are relatively larger multi nucleate cells made up of mitochondria and lysosomes that are responsible for the continuous erosion of bones. Lastly the last cells found in the bone are osteocytes, these are adult osteoblast cells found in the lacunae that have been surrounded by mineralized matrix. (Thibodeau, Patton 2003).Osteocytes are responsible for maintaining metabolism within the bone such as the exchange of nutrients with the blood.